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Generally speaking, in accordance with the materials, building structure systems can be divided into the masonry structure with the bulk (standard clay brick) as the main material and the structural system with concrete or steel as the main material.
The commonly strengthening methods to the engineering structures are enlarging section method, paste composite material, prestressing method, sticking steel, outsourcing steel method and so on.
Acknowledgements The research was strongly supported by natural science foundation of China (NSFC), scientific and technological project of Henan province, natural science foundation of Henan Province.
Zheng, The law of weibei mining subsidence area surface cracks in and rural resistance to deformation houses design and analysis, Journal of Xi'an Institute of Technology, 4 (2002) 249-255

Experimental program Material used.
The typical morphology of hydration production of PSS paste with 6.4% w/w of gypsum was evident: a gel-like material surrounding steel slag grains.
The micrograph of sample with 6.4% gypsum at 14 days shows small amount of needle-shaped crystallized ettringite between gel-like materials (Fig.6 and the C–S–H gel formed a fibrous network structure in slag pastes.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge the Science and Technology Department of Guangdong in China for the financial support.
Journal of the Chinese ceramic society 19(6)(1991) 488-494

Raw materials in this study was POME collected from one of palm oil mill in Lampung, an active digester effluent (cattle manure) of Biogas Installation in Kediri village, Gading Rejo Pringsewu, Lampung as microbial inoculum, and ZAL of CV.
The characteristics of each material used in this research were presented in Table 1, 2, and 3, respectively: Table 1.
[13] Rina, U., Modified Zeolite with Nanokitosan As Heavy Metal Ion Adsorbent and Study Kinetikanya Against Ion Pb (II), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Graduate Program of Chemistry, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 2012
[16] Petcharoen, K., Sirivat, A., Materials Science and Engineering. 29 (2012) 249-261
[19] Ersoy.B and Celik.M.S., Effect of hydrocarbon chain length on adsorption of cationic into clinoptilolite, Journal Clays and Clays Minerals, 51 (2003) 172-180

Raw Materials In preparation of the specimens for the experiments, 70# Maoming bitumen was used.
(〔{TTP}12308 2007〕{TTP}12309 130-06); Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi No.(2010GXNSFA013037).
[2] QIN Feng.Research on manganese dregs reject's application in building material [J].
Journal of Chang'an University (Natural Science Edition) ，2007(4):6-9,in Chinese
New Building Materials，2009(1):60-62,in Chinese.

Effect of Cyclic Loading on Crack Propagation of X-70 Pipeline Steel in Near-Neutral pH Solution Hao Guo 1,2,a , Guangfu Li2,b , Xun Cai 1,c , Jiasheng Bai2,d and Wu Yang2,e 1 College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 2 Shanghai Research Institute of Materials, Shanghai, China a lpscc2003@163.com, bguangfuli298@vip.sina.com, cxcai@mail.sjtu.edu.cn, d baijs@cableplus.com.cn, e wyang@srim.com.cn Keywords: pipeline steel, stress corrosion cracking, crack propagation, near-neutral pH, notch, cyclic loading Abstract.
The development of near-neutral pH SCC is a synergistic result of stress, material, and environment.
Acknowledgements This work was subsidized with the Special Fund for the Major State Basic Research Project G19990650 in China, and also supported by the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality via projects 025258036 and 02ZE14031.
O'Beirne: Oil & Gas Journal, June 15 (1992), pp. 39-44 [2] R.N.

Introduction The tensioned cable-membrane structure is a flexible space structure system which is formed by cable and membrane materials working together after forming.
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram Finite element analysis method of friction contact between cable and membrane The cable is meshed with 30 Link10 elements in ANSYS,and membrane surface is meshed with some shell41 triangular plane stress shell elements.The friction contact between the valley cable and membrane surface is simulated by contact elements.Because friction contact is a irreversible complex loading process,incremental iterative method for solving is applied[6].There are three contact states:STAT=0 or 1,elements are not closed of far or near contact;STAT=2,elements are sliding contact;STAT=3,elements are adhesive contact[7].Friction coefficient is introduced and the following assumptions are made: Small strain, complying with HOOKE’s law;Membrane is an orthotropic elastic material, deformations of material always maintain the vertical axis;Considering friction contact between cables and membranes.
The friction contact between the valley cable and membrane surface is simulated by node-surface contact elements in ANSYS,detailed steps are as follows:Establishing planar projection geometric model;Setting virtual cable and membrane elastic moduluses;Establishing element types,real constants,material properties and initial pre-tensions under virtual cable and membrane elastic moduluses;Meshing geometric model;Selecting node-surface contact elements,and inputting friction coefficient;Establishing edge conditions and enhancing displacements according to elevations of edge control points between true structures and planar projection models;After the first form-finding updating nodes coordinates,setting enhancing displacements of edge control points zero;Restoring true elastic moduluses,resetting true cable pre-tension and membrane pre-tension; Performing the first equilibrium iteration solution;Re-updating nodes coordinates and equilibrium iteration solution until results tolerance is up
Journal of Zhejiang University: Science,12(2003),p.672-682 [3] Kai Liu, Zhe Wang, Weicheng Gao, et al: Research on Sliding Cable of a Cable-membrane Structure (In Chinese).
Liaoning Technical University, 12(2006) [7] Xiangxin Liu, Xianyi Meng: ANSYS Fundamentals and Applications Tutorial (In Chinese).Bei Jing: Science Press, 2006 [8] Xiaohua Zhu, Zhixiang Yu, et al: ANSYS Examples of Advanced Engineering Finite Element Analysis of Selected (In Chinese).Bei Jing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2004

Effect of Modified NanoSiO2 Agents on the Morphologies and Performances of UHMWPE Microporous Membrane via Thermally Induced Phase Separation Rong Liu 1, a, Yan Wang 2, b, Jing Zhu1, c, Zuming Hu1, d, and Junrong Yu 1, e* 1State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai 2College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai arong1142042@163.com, e*yjr@dhu.edu.cn Keywords: UHMWPE, Crystallization, Membrane, Morphology.
Experiment Materials.
Journal of Membrane Science, 2011, 379(1-2):268–278

Experimental Materials and synthesis.
McKenna, Effects of confinement on material behaviour at the nanometer scale, J. of Phys.: Condens.
Torkelson, The distribution of glass-transition temperatures in nanoscopically confined glass formers, Nature Materials, 2 (2003) 695-700
Raphaël, Residual stresses in thin polymer films cause rupture and dominate early stages of dewetting, Nature Materials, 4 (2005) 754
Pekcan, Molecular weight effect on latex film formation from polystyrene particles: a photon transmission study, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 213 () 160–168, 1999

The reason behind the grinding aid’s decreasing the hardness is based on Griffith’s theory regarding fragile breakage, which postulates that fragile materials contain small cracks whose propagation may lead to material breakage The Rebinder effect [10-11] concept that a compound capable of selective adsorption inside the solid particle cracks undergoing grinding would impede the attraction between any residual electric forces, and in so doing it may impede any crack closure during the inactive phase.
All concepts suggested for the mechanism of the grinding aids depend mainly on the material undergoing grinding since they get adsorbed on the respective material.
Materials and Methods 2.1 Raw materials Grinding aids: monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and triethanolamine (TEA), are analytical reagent.
Fund Project：Science and Technology research and development projects in colleges of Shanxi Province Author brief introduction: Sun suzhen, famale, born in Shanxi Linfen, in 1966, Associate Professor.
Rebider, Koll Journal, 1955, 17, (2), 107

From previous studies, different injection product characteristics is achieved because of the difference in processed materials, shape of product, and mold design.
Methods Equipment and Materials.
Grochowicz, "Analysis of Selected Properties of Injection Moulded Sustainable Biocomposites from Poly(butylene succinate) and Wheat Bran," (in eng), Materials (Basel), vol. 14, no. 22, Nov 20 2021, doi: 10.3390/ma14227049
Senthil, "Application of Grey-Fuzzy Approach for Optimization of CNC Turning Process," Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 5, no. 2, Part 2, pp. 6645-6654, 2018/01/01/ 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.321
Sykutera, "Post-Processing Time Dependence of Shrinkage and Mechanical Properties of Injection-Molded Polypropylene," (in eng), Materials (Basel), vol. 14, no. 1, Dec 23 2020, doi: 10.3390/ma14010022