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Direct methods monitor the presence of Ca(OH)2 and its subsequent reduction with respect to time (Frattini test, saturated lime test, and modified Chapelle test).
For example, one study [4] showed that a 5% cement substitution by silica fume led to a reduction in compressive strength.
Salgueiro et al. [3] performed compression and bending tests on similar samples and reported that both tests indicate increased resistance with increased curing time and with reduction of the water/cement ratio.
Samples Cement Silica fume Ground quartz SCBA Water Ref 1200 0 0 0 360 Silica fume 5% 1140 60 0 0 360 10% 1080 120 0 0 360 15% 1020 180 0 0 360 20% 960 240 0 0 360 Ground quartz 960 0 240 0 360 Mixture 1 960 40 200 0 360 Mixture 2 960 80 160 0 360 SCBA 960 0 0 240 360 Results Figure 3 shows the data obtained from the compressive strength test conducted on specimens of cement pastes with 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% silica fume.
On the other hand, a reduction of resistance to bending when the level of cement substitution by silica fume is greater than 15% has been reported [6].

Introduction The crisis in the silver mining complex in Russia led to the reduction in primary silver production by more than a third since 1992 to 2002.
According to the proposed technology, the process of crude silver and gold alloy synthesis has two main operations: oxidation-reduction baking of the concentrate and electrical smelting of the cinder with sodium carbonate as flux.
Silver synthesis from bakes concentrates is based on the property of lead and copper to collect precious metals in oxidation-reduction smelting of cinder with fluxes [11].
Smelting of crude silver and gold alloy is performed in an ore-thermal furnace at the temperature of 1200-1300 0С in the electric slag regime that creates conducive conditions for reduction and separation processes.
The data in Table 1 show that in one technological operation it is possible, depending on the conditions of the experiment, to get silver-containing matte or polymetallic alloy with silver extraction rate of 95-98%.

This stretch-only trial provided strain data for uniaxial deformation and in turn the value for Poisson’s ratio.
To determine the reduction in thickness during the in-plane stretch, a non-contact, real-time measuring process was devised.
Figure 4 (a) True strain and (b) volumetric strain & Poisson’s ratio for uniaxial deformation; material temperature 100°C and strain rate 1/s The strain results clearly indicates positive increase in longitudinal strain (εy) to a true strain level of 1.3 with lateral (εx) and thickness strain (εz) reduction to an approximate value of 0.58.
One possible explanation for the sudden increase in Poisson’s ratio above 0.5 (volumetric strain reduction) is the inherent morphology exhibited by PET during material stretching typical with bottle formation; PET demonstrates a strain hardening effect after a critical network stretch [4].
Contrary to this, the experimental analysis revealed that PET is initially incompressible (v=0.5) during biaxial deformation with a sudden volume reduction after a critical level of stretch (v>0.5).

However, curling occurred for specimens with relatively thin-walled steel plate (1.5mm or 3.0mm) and a long end distance and the curling caused a strength reduction in bolted connections.
Proposed equations by Kuwamura et al. tended to overestimate ultimate strength of bolted connections due to no sufficient consideration of strength reduction by curling.
Also, strength reduction phenomenon by curling was observed in load-displacement curves of FEA results as depicted in Fig.5 like test results(Fig.2).
Ultimate strength, fracture mode, curling occurrence and strength reduction by curling predicted from FEA with recommended modelling method showed a good correspondence to those of test results.
Authors express their thanks to Steel Structure Lab. of The University of Tokyo for supplying the experimental data.

As in other fields also in this area the technology of additional humidity reduction underwent significant progress during last decennaries and both new invasive and non-invasive methods are being developed.
It is good to be aware of few basic facts: 1) humidity in buildings and mainly bottom parts of loadbearing walls is a long term process and no immediate and final effect can be expected from any solution; 2) existing technologies cannot perfectly dry up historic buildings, it is always only reduction of humidity; 3) each building must be assessed to what degree it is damaged by the existing and long-term humidity condition and to what extent it is desirable to change such situation; 4) solution of unwanted humidity in historic buildings is always a compromise between more or less invasive technical intervention in the building and an effort to maintain cultural heritage, i.e. cultural values of the building and from this aspect is often limited the theoretically achievable efficiency of the redevelopment measure; 5) building redevelopment from the aspect of humidity can be divided in two parts, leading to a) elimination of humidity sources and b) organizing of gradual long-term
Tab 4: Calculation of time of brickwork humidity reduction to required 5 % of weight in the depth of 100 mm Tab 5: Calculation of time of brickwork humidity reduction protected with 18 mm lime plaster to required 5 % of weight for various thickness of walls The following example of cellar rooms (fig. 1) is showing calculation of speed air saturation with water vapours from humid brickwork.
Table 6 is following from data stated in the table 3 and is expressing speed of saturation of 1 kg of air of cellar rooms per hour for individual rooms and for the whole cellar as a unit. 2 3 1 Fig 1: Layout of the cellar used for calculation of speed of natural humidity evaporation from walls Tab 6: Calculation of speed of hourly air saturation by humidity evaporating from brickwork based on individual finishes/surface treatments Practical calculation made on real example of cellar rooms is proving the fact that process of natural spontaneous evaporation of residual structural humidity from walls is significantly increasing internal both specific and relative air humidity in orders of units to hundredths of grams of water vapour per hour, resp. tenth to units of grams per second per kg.
In practice, this means that in structures with a surface treatment, we can expect a reduction in the rate of the evaporation process, ideally by 74% compared to the rate of evaporation from plain brickwork.

These steels, which are among the so called High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA), have high mechanical strength and good toughness, enabling reduction of the weight of the pipe and, consequently, reduction of manufacturing costs and easy transportation and installation.
The measurement system of this equipment consists of a set exciter-sensor (probe), the signal conditioner and data acquisition and processing.
The results show that the samples that suffered stress relief had higher MBN, due to the reduction of barriers to the movement of domain walls [5].
It is observed similar behavior for all samples after stress relieving, with increase in rms and the reduction of residual stresses, as observed by Yelbay and Lindgren [2,8].
• The results of X-ray diffraction of the samples showed a reduction of tensions after the treatment of stress relief.

First, we use c-means clustering to generate fuzzy partitions and eliminate redundant data, and then map the original data set into fuzzy interval, in the end, we extract the fuzzy association rules on the fuzzy data set as providing the basis for proper decision-making.
On the basis of previous studies, in this paper, we put forward the fuzzy clustering method of data preprocessing. first, we use c-means fuzzy clustering to extract the data distribution information ,thus each attribute interval is divided into several fuzzy data partition and then the quantitative data are allocated into fuzzy interval.
Finally, we extract fuzzy association rules in fuzzy data set.
In this paper, we first use fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm to extract the distribution information of the data, and then convert the original transaction data of numerical attributes into the fuzzy partition data sets, second, generate the fuzzy partition for each attribute and eliminate the redundant data, and we get a rough fuzzy partition.
An Independent Rough Set Approach Hybrid with Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for Dimensionality Reduction[J].

DoE is used for the optimization of processes by acquisition of control, interference and properties data [5].
The relevant machine data are listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Relevant generator data of the generator Agietron Spirit 2 Open voltage U0 Min. discharge current ie Min. discharge time te Discharge capacitance Ce Min. discharge energy We Possible dielectrics 60 V up to 250 V 0.8 A 100 ns 0.2 nF up to 116 nF 0.5 µJ gas, oil, deionized water The lower and upper value limits of factors used for the experimental design are presented in Table 2.
It leads to a reduction of machining time tero of 17 % due to an increase of the discharge frequency fe and thus to an increase of the MRR VW.
The displacement a and voltage U data were synchronically measured and saved to a computer by using the scope of the type PicoScope 3405D by Pico Technology.

Failure Analysis and No-load Voltage Waveform Optimization and damper bar Heat Reduction of a large Tubular Hydro-Generator Gao Jian1,a , Fan Zhen-nan1,b 1 Technology & Skill Training Center of Sichuan Electric Power Corporation Chengdu China,610072 aGaoJian_sc@126.com, bfanzhennan@126.com Keywords: failure analysis, tubular hydro-generator, no-load voltage waveform ,damper bar, loss and heat Abstract.
For the failures of a 30MW tubular hydro-generator such as no-load voltage waveform is bad, damper bars are over heat, a multi-slice moving electromagnetic field-circuit coupling FE model of tubular hydro-generator and a 3D temperature field FE model of the rotor are built respectively.And the computations about the failure reasons and the optimized design schemes are implemented and analyzed by these modles.And the calculation results are coincident well with the test data.
The basic data of the tubular hydro-generator The basic data of the generator are showed in Table 1. 5 different design schemes are calculated, which are showed in Table 2, t1 is the stator tooth pitch, which is invariant, t2 is the pitch of damper bars.
By coulomb norm ▽·A=0 and the boundary condition of the problem region, the 2D boundary value problem of nonlinear time-varying moving electromagnetic field for the generator is then obtained: (2) Table 1 The basic data of the generator Parameter Value Rated power (MW) 30 Rated voltage (kV) 10.5 Power factor 0.92 Number of slots per pole per phase 11/2 Table 2 5 design schemes of structure Design scheme t2/t1 Slot skewed of stator δB (mm) Failure scheme 0.62 0 0.5 Optimized scheme1 0.8 0 0.5 Optimized scheme2 0.98 0 0.5 Optimized scheme3 0.98 0.5 slot skewed 0.5 Optimized scheme4 0.98 0.5 slot skewed 0.1 Fig. 1 The over heat regions of damper bars in rotor poles Fig.2 The problem region and meshes of electromagnetic field B.

The theoretical dependence l = l (t) used to calculate the absorption kinetics for any capillary at all its stages that would coincide with the experimental data with high accuracy has not been found until now.
At the same time, decrease in the integration step leads to increase in the number of calculations and in the error due to the limited size of the data storage grid in the computer.
Significant reduction in the integration step is required when the capillary radius decreases.
At the same time, the errors in computation were eliminated by applying the extended (80) data.
Data can be simultaneously displayed and written to a file for later use.