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One of them is the use of silica content in quartz sand to make raw materials for ceramics, glass, anti-corrosion materials, etc.
Liquid coating is the application of a layer of liquid material (paint) to the surface of the solid material which can protect it from environmental access.
Heating silica quartz powder in the range 25 ̊C - 200 ̊C have shown a decreasing graph which means molecular evaporation of water or impurities that may be trapped in materials .
The geometric of steel plates without silica powder tends to be round and the material is still hydrophilic.
Luo, “Characterization of TEOS/PDMS/HA nanocomposites for application as consolidant/hydrophobic products on sandstones,” Journal of Cultural Heritage 16 (2015) 470–478

Microstructures and Creep Behavior of As-Cast TiAl-Nb Alloy Sugui Tian 1, a, Xiaoxia Wu1, Huichen Yu2, Haofang Sun1, Zehui Jiao2 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China 2Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, Beijing 100095, China Keywords: TiAl-Nb alloy, Microstructure, Creep, deformation mechanism, Fracture mechanism.
Introduction TiAl alloys have been widely investigated due to their excellent integrated mechanical properties [1], such as excellent strength, creep resistance and oxidation resistance at high temperatures [2]. the TiAl alloys are regarded as the better high-temperature structural materials with potential applications prospect for applying in aeronautics and astronautics field, they are expected to be used for making the hot parts in aero-engines to replace the high-density metal materials [3].
Compared to the ordinary TiAl alloys, TiAl-Nb alloy has better strength at high temperature and creep resistance, therefore, the one is thought to be the excellent high-temperature structural materials with potential applications prospect [4].
The creep resistance of the metal materials is related to their microstructure and deformation mechanism which includes the dislocations slipping and twinning deformation during creep [5].
Zhang, 8.5 Nb–TiAl alloy with fine grains, Journal of alloys and compounds. 361 (2003) 241-261

Combined with the application of these two enhanced methods, the cutting of such materials has a very obvious effect on the improvement of surface roughness, the reduction of cutting force and the extension of tool life.
Laser-assisted machining (LAM) is a kind of thermally assisted machining, in which the material is preheated by a laser spot prior to the workpiece material removal, and the material is subsequently removed plastically by a cutting-tool as shown in Fig. 2.
LAM has been well known as a noncontact machining method and has been applied to various difficult-to-cut materials such as hardened and brittle material, i.e., titanium alloys, super-alloys, structural ceramics, etc.
Joshi, 2012, Analysis of machined surface quality in a single-pass of ball-end milling on Inconel 718, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol.14, pp.257-268
Silberschmidt, 2006, Analysis of material response to ultrasonic vibration loading in turning Inconel 718, Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol.424, pp.318-325

Box 64, Chéraga, Algeria 3Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04353 Kosice, Slovak Republic.
Experimental Methods The hard material used in this study is WC-10% Co with 13 mm diameter, 9 mm in thickness and AISI 1020 steel with 0.21% of carbon, the main compositions of the base materials were shown in table 1.
Table 1: Chemical compositions of base materials and filler alloy used in this study.
The filler alloy has a good wettability and fills up the gap between the base materials (WC-Co and the AISI 1020 steel).
Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials Fracture toughness of cemented carbides : Testing method and microstructural effects,” 2014

As we got closer to the brazed zone, the base materials grains became larger and the grain limits became more evident (thickened), as ca be observed in figure 5.
The brazed joint region revealed a good quality joint between the materials, with good wetting from the part of the brazing alloy (fig. 6).
Microscopic aspect of brazed joint zone (OM 100) The brazed joint region does not reveal oxides between the brazing alloy and base materials (sign of exposure of air or moisture) or lack of penetration of the brazing alloy.
Ongoing Research The use of brazing for joining stainless steels used at high temperatures will continue and be expanded to other brazing processes and other materials.
Also, the mechanisms that governs the phenomena that take place during brazing of these materials will be studied deeper by analyzing the brazed joints using other investigating techniques like: SEM (Scanning Electronic Microscope), X-Ray Diffraction, etc. to determine the transformations that took place in base materials and brazing materials during brazing process.

In recent decades, due to the progress in modern science and technology, especially the appearance of new progress and the associated instruments of gas geochemistry and isotope geochemistry, it has promoted the inorganic gas hypothesis to develop to the modern inorganic gas hypothesis science-based.
Granite Zone The granite zone is the product from crust-mantle material syntexis or crust material syntexis when plate tectonics evolves to a certain stage.
Journal of Railway Eengineering Society,2009, Vol.133,No.10:84-89.In Chinese [5] Mingji Liu, Zhizhong Diao, zhenggui Zhang.
Beijing,Science Press, 1995. 1-10. .In Chinese [13] Zhanqian Guo, Xingke Yang.
Oil & Gas Geology , 2000, Vol.21,No.1: 50-52.In Chinese [14]Guanming Ren, Zhixiang Zhao, dexing Nie,etc..Journal of Mountain Science,2002,Vol.20,No.1:122-125.In Chinese

The semi-rigid subgrade materials are currently and widely used in constructing the base course of highway in our country[1,2], which are usually in 2 types——gravel stabilized by cement or lime-fly-ash.
In allusion to the advantages and disadvantages of these two ones, a method has been presented in practice that the stabilized gravel aggregate by cement and fly-ash replaces the stabilized aggregate by cement or lime-fly-ash as the subgrade materials, and has acquired a favorable effect in practice[3,4].
[3] Xiaojian GAO, Yingzi YANG, Xuefeng KAN, Effect of Fly-ash on Differential Shrinkage Between the Outer and Inner Concrete, [J], Journal of Basic Science and Engineering, 2010, 18 (1): 91~96
[5] Fu-chuan WANG, Civil Engineering Materials, [M], China Building Materials Press, Beijing, 2001，43~54
[6] Research Institute of Highway in Ministry of Transport, Test Methods of Materials Stabilized with Inorganic Binders for Highway Engineering, [S], China Communications Press,2009.

Amounts of silicon and alumina elements are predominant in two kinds of raw materials.
Quartz minerals play a predominating role in two kinds of materials.
Iron tailings preparation of lightweight insulation building materials[J].Metal Mine,2007(05)： 75-77.
Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 2012,  11 (07):671-678
[12] GB 6566-2010, Building materials radionuclide limits[S]．Beijing：Standards Press of China, 2010.

Luckily, those materials with extraordinary high-temperature ductility are often found to be lightweight covering a wide range of magnesium, aluminium and titanium alloys.
Unhappily, there are some drawbacks, both from the material and the process sides, which hamper the progress on a larger scale.
Warm and elevated-temperature H/P forming operations are generally slow simply because the targeted materials exhibit their exceptional ductility (often referred to as superplastic or superplastic-like behaviour) at low strain rates.
Calibrating the stress/ strain curves of the material to Eq. 1 produced the fit shown in Fig. 6.
Khraisheh, Journal of Advanced Engineering Materials, Vol. 9 (2007), p. 777 [7] E.

Materials and Design, 110 (2016) 382–390
Materials Letters 209 (2017) 146-149
Construction and Building Materials 172 (2018) 468–475
On the development of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete, ACI Materials Journal 101 (6) (2014) 467–472
Construction and Building Materials, 131 (2017) 552-63