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Online since: January 2012
Authors: Jiu Ju Cai, Qi Zhang, Yan Liang Gu, Wei Ti
Itisa huge and complicated system which involves not only many links such as gas production, transportation, distribution and consumption, but also concerns the enhancement of product output and quality of various processes,material cost reduction, environmental pollutionimprovement, anda series of problems.
Inactual production, there are many factors influencing BFG production and consumption.The founding based on the historical data research showed that the linear relationship was not obviously found between gas volume and related factors, moreover, the relationship between them are not regular.
A reduction reaction occurs in blast furnace amongthe materials,which entered blast furnace from top, such asiron ore, coke, limestone and preheated air (it usually accompanies the material injection such as oxygen-enriched andpulverized coal.).
In order to accurately forecast BFG production, this paper takes actual production data of October from 1# blast furnace in one iron and steel works as statisticalsamples, and obtains relationship between various factors and gas by grey relational grade analysis as shown in table 1.
Each process (equipment) of the forecasting model is based on actual operation data, production planning and maintenance scheduling.
Online since: December 2010
Authors: Michael Ferry, O. Al-Buhamad, M. Zakaria Quadir
Among them Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB) is one popular method in which two clean metal sheets get bonded by the pressure of the rolls when the amount of reduction is high.
After thorough brushing and cleaning two sheets were mechanically stacked and held for 5 min at 350 °C in a preheated furnace then rolled at this temperature without lubrication to 50% reduction in a single pass using a two high rolling mill.
In this sequence the ARB was carried out up to six cycles and plus final rolling to 50% reduction.
Therefore it is realized from this data that Al(Sc) containing grains required higher amount of deformation for forming this kind of substructures, as it happened in the present case.
The tensile testing data of the as rolled and annealed samples is shown in Fig. 3a, from which the ductility and yield strength of the alloy is summarized in Fig. 3b along with the data of some commercially available alloys of similar grade [14].
Online since: June 2012
Authors: Caori Patricia Takeuchi, Patricia Luna, Jorge Lozano, Mateo Gutierrez
(1) In Eq. 2 R0.05 is the 5 percentile from the test data, s is the standard deviation from the test data, m the mean value from the test data and n is the number of test (2) The characteristics values are shown in Table 2 and allowable stresses values are shown in Table 3.
Table 2 Characteristics values [MPa] Bending Parallel tensile Parallel compression Perpendicular compression Parallel shear 37.4 40.7 20.3 1.7 3.5 Table 3 Allowable stresses [MPa] Bending Parallel tensile Parallel compression Perpendicular compression Parallel shear A 8.3 9.0 4.5 0.4 0.8 B 10.4 11.3 5.6 0.5 1.0 C 12.5 13.6 6.8 0.6 1.2 The differences among values shown in Tables 2 and 3 of this article and the values contained in the chapter G.12 of Colombian earthquake resistant code NSR10, are the result of the reduction factors worked, because the NSR10 works with different values of reduction for the characteristics values that depend on the type of load and to the status of perpendicular compression presented in NSR10, corresponding to internodes filled with cement wich increases the material strength.
Differences between the values shown in this paper and the values of NSR10 are caused for the difference in the reduction factors for characteristic values.
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Guang Yi Liu, Hong Jie Jia, Zhan Yong Yang, Shi Xiong Fan, Hui Ying Zhao
DR could directly or indirectly force a consumption reduction in critical situations, resulting in avoiding the most dangerous reliability problems.
Due to the indirectly relationship between weather condition and the output of both distributed generation and TCLs, the Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) weather data is set as one of the input parameters, which includes the temperature, wind speed, humidity and other weather information[6].
Fig.7 shows that a peak reduction of approximately 150KW or 15.6% was achieved.
A small peak demand can be observed at that time. 4.3 Case 3: CPP Price Signal Fig.8 Case 3 Total Input Power of the System Fig.9 Comparison of Cooling System Setpoint In Case 3, a CPP price signal is applied, a much more peak reduction during peak time can be achieved, approximately 250KW or 24.5%.
[6] TMY2weather data, available online at:www.rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/tmy2/
Online since: February 2016
Authors: Anna Kula, Ludwik Blaz, Tomasz Skrzekut
The first stage is associated to the reduction of metal oxides to metallic inclusions and simultaneous formation of fine aluminum oxides in Al-based matrix.
The effect of magnesium addition on the structure and mechanical properties of the composite is tested with respect to formerly presented data for AlCeO2 material [4].
The flow stress reduction observed at low deformation temperatures may result from inhomogeneous deformation and related tilting of the sample rather than some structural softening processes.
It is worth to notice that large spread of data marked by relatively large error bars, was observed for samples annealed over 16 hours.
For comparison, some data for aluminum/magnesium-based MA composites are also shown [6,7,10].
Online since: October 2013
Authors: Yu Bo Li, Qing Tao Xu
Data processing and drawing software is Excel; data in the paper is average data whose multiple comparison is processed by Duncan's new multiple range method.
However, the different amount of FGD gypsum used leads to different level of reduction of PH value.
Influence of application quantity of FGD gypsum on decrease of PH value Figure2 shows that it is not a positive correlation between the level of reduction of PH value and the amount of FGD gypsum used.
According to the relation curves between the level of reduction of PH value and the amount of FGD gypsum used (Figure3), when the amount of FGD gypsum used is 3.09 t/667m2, the PH value decrease the most and educes to 1.98
Online since: December 2015
Authors: Juagwon Theerasak, Leasen Suthisa, Tanakorn Osotchan
MPc are widely used for chemically modified working electrode because MPc can act as a charge mediator (e.g. polyphenols in wines) and oxidation–reduction to electrode material.
The obtained 40 variables, X1-X8, X9-X16, X17-X24, X25-X32, X33-X40 were extracted from CV of CoPc, FePc, MgPc, MnPc and ZnPc modified working electrodes, respectively and were used as input data for PCA calculation to discriminate five basic tastes.
The first group is data of salt solutions including of KCl, MgCl2 and MSG.
Citric data appears on the right side and separate far always from other solutions by PC1 while the sucrose group is separated from the salt group by PC2.
At the measured range, the redox peaks occurred from oxidation and reduction of metal atom in MPcs.
Online since: May 2019
Authors: Li Jun Diao, Wei Jie Li, Dong Yi Meng, Yu Jie Chang, Chun Yang, Yi Lv
This paper, using some data on power electronics, analyzes and contrasts in detail the performance of SiC MOSFET CAS120M12BM2 and Si IGBT FF150R12KE3G, in the converter of urban rail vehicles.
But with the increasing switching frequency, the reduction in the volume of magnetic and capacitor components will also be significant.
It can be seen that from Si IGBT converter to SiC MOSFET converter, switching frequency can be increased from 15kHz to 50kHz, volume of the transformer can be reduced from 9.2dm3 to 4.2dm3, leading to a 54.4% reduction.
And the total volume of the converter can be reduced from 26.35dm3 to 18.75dm3, leading to a 28.8% reduction.
Table 3 Contrast of main device losses of SiC/Si converters Losses of devices Primary switches [W] High-frequency transformer [W] Secondary-side rectifier diode [W] Filter inductance [W] Filter capacitance [W] Total losses [W] Efficiency SiC MOSFET converter 690.99 25 95.9 10 5.27 827.16 94.42% Si IGBT converter 950.72 80 45.9 34 3.14 1113.76 92.74% From the analysis based on the data in Table 3, the efficiency of SiC MOSFET converter is 1.68% higher than that of Si IGBT converter.
Online since: September 2007
Authors: V. Kossov, R. Yafaev, Nikita B. Strokan, A. Sadohin, A. Azarov, S. Lashaev, Alexander M. Ivanov, Evgenia V. Kalinina
Structural particularities of the Al ion-implanted p +- layers were revealed by Rutherford backscattering/channeling spectrometry (RBS/C) and compared with secondary ion massspectroscopy (SIMS) and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data.
Results and discussion According to SRIM2003 data for ion implantation regime used the projected range of Al ions (Rp) and the position of the maximum of the vacancy generation profile (Rpd) were equal to 120 and 85 nm {Fig.1, (b)-total vacancies}, respectively.
This effect was obtained earlier and explained by the density reduction of SiC during ion implantation [7].
The increase of a minority carrier's life time resulted in reduction of energy losses at dissipation of a dense "track plasma".
It should note the reduction of the initial energy of the α-particles due to braking in air gap from 5.5 to 3.9 MeV resulted in a loss of monochromatic irradiation of the source.
Online since: May 2006
Authors: C.S. Mota, M.M.R.A. Lima, Regina da Conceição Corredeira Monteiro
Eight specimens of each studied composition were used and the data averaged.
Both FA+5D and FA+10D exhibited a sharp reduction in density when sintered at 1100ºC, while at this temperature a maximum density was observed for FA, which showed a slight decrease in density when sintered at 1150ºC.
An open porosity value of approximately 0% was observed when samples FA+5D, FA+10D and FA were sintered for 2h at 1025ºC, 1050ºC and 1100ºC, respectively Data shown in the above Figures indicate that dolomite addition favoured the increase in density (shrinkage) at 950-1050ºC, but it caused the opposite effect at higher sintering temperatures, when open porosity had already disappeared.
Table 1 shows metal leaching data for samples tested with distilled water leachant.
Sintering at higher temperatures resulted in a reduction in density due to the swelling of closed pores, which contained entrapped gas resulting from the dissociation of dolomite.
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