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All the materials without special pointed out were AR.
Acknowledgements The authors thank for the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21004055) and the Doctoral Discipline Foundation of Education Ministry (20104101110005).
Boaventura, Methylene blue adsorption by algal biomass based materials: Biosorbents characterization and process behaviour.
The use of an agricultural waste material, Jujuba seeds for the removal of anionic dye (Congo red) from aqueous medium [J] Journal of Hazardous Materials, 203-204 (2012) 118-127

Plant shut down) , no man power downtime and no material downtime.
The least Non Productive Time of a bottleneck equipment is when there is no idle time of no material to run the equipment; TIDLENM.
European Journal of Operational Research.
Hajji, Production Planning and Opportunistic Preventive Maintenance for Unreliable One-Machine Two-Products Manufacturing Systems, Science Direct IFAC-Papers On Line, 48-3 (2015) 478–483
[9] Salonen, A., Deleryd, M., Cost of poor maintenance: A concept for maintenance performance improvement, Journal of Quality In Maintenance Engineering. 17 (2011) 63-73

Commonality of methodology between IE and VE IE is an interdisciplinary subject which is blended of engineering, economics, management and social sciences.
Under the Ford-ism, the conversion of forming materials and labor to the product value could be more efficient thanks to division of labor in the assembly line.
The base of ‘Material substitution’ is finding and eliminating unnecessary expense in function analysis.
Valid（S） Invalid（S） ∑（S） 1 Remove materials from box 4 1.5 1 Check Remove Material 4 Check materials 4 Find the nonconformity Examine Material 4 Install the lock 5 Fix the door Insert Door 5 Install the door 5 Adjust color Install Door 5 Pass to the next process 4 1.0 Pass to the next Transport Panel 4 22 2 Load the door fixture 4 1.5 1 Prevent omitting painting Load Fixture 4 Load the masking fixture …… 3 …… Prevent omitting painting …… Load …… Fixture …… 3 IE improvement based on function analysis could be either streamlining operation on the basis of the original one, such as removing redundant, or introducing new subversive transformation, changing the form of action or tools and adopting a new craft technique.
[8] Wang Shutang: On Dialectical Relationships among IE, TOC, VE, Journal of Hebei Institute Of Mechano-Electric Engineering, 1992(3), p21-24

Iwai: Key Engineering Materials Vol. 238-239 (2003), p. 183 [4] K.
Tanaka: Key Engineering Materials Vol. 257-258 (2004), p. 311 [5] Y.
Tse: Key Engineering Materials Vol. 291-292 (2005), p. 233 [7] Y.
Lai: Key Engineering Materials Vol. 339 (2007), p. 427 [8] D.H.
Lai: Int J Materials and Product Tech Vol. 31 (2008), p. 14 [11] G.

Material and Methods Materials.
AA 6082 T6 aluminum alloy was employed as substrate material for FBP process.
Barletta, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 173, Issue 2, 2006, p. 157-165
Tagliaferri, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, vol. 46, Issue 3-4, 2006, p. 271-283
Costanza, Composites Science and Technology, 61, 2001, p. 2047

The best known and famous materials that have ability in the making of biocomposites are cellulose and starch.
Materials and Methods The rice straw was collected from a paddy field in Wang Ulu, Perlis, Malaysia.
Besides the cellulose, the other materials used in the formation of biocomposite films were tapioca starch (Kapal ABC brand) as polymer source, lemon and key lime as crosslinkers.
International Food Research Journal 21(2), 597-602
Chemical Engineering Faculty of Health, Science and Technology, 25

Gourlay1 1 Department of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ.
UK 2Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology, School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Taman Muhibbah 02600, Jejawi, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia 3Nihon Superior Centre for the Manufacture of Electronic Materials, School of Mechanical& Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, 4072 St Lucia, QLD, Australia 4Department of Materials Science & Eng, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan aj.xian@imperial.ac.uk Keywords: Pb-free soldering, crystal growth, intermetallics, nucleation, eutectic, Cu6Sn5.
SMTA Journal 2010;23:18-26
Materials & Design 2013;52:663-70
Archives of Metallurgy & Materials 2015;60:1449-54

A study will be made by dividing building forms into three factors: building materials, building facades, architectural style, as well as the scoring corresponding to the three factors.
---Building Materials.
The main evaluation index of building material is according to the surface material of the river frontage side, such as the unity of the background sky color, the unity other building materials located within the region.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51138002)  References [1] Wang Z, Sun P.
Journal of Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2001, 5: 035

This is particularly of importance for the application of modern high-performance composite materials for safety relevant structures.
Nevertheless, modern high-performance composite materials are increasingly used in many different industries.
The structural damping coefficient (for detailed information see [9]) is set to s = 0.01 for all materials.
However, science is still at the beginning regarding a reliable prediction of the structural condition based on its E/M impedance [4].
Giurgiutiu, Electro-mechanical impadance method for crack detection in thin plates, Journal of Intelligent Materials and Structures (2016) pp. 709-718

., Fatigue and Fracture in Engineering Materials and Structures, Vol. 277 (2004) pp. 623-636
This technique has been used to investigate various crack tip parameters [[] Diaz, F.A., Patterson, E.A., Tomlinson, R.A., and Yates, J.R., Fatigue and Fracture in Engineering Materials and Structures, Vol. 27, (2004) pp. 571 – 583. ,[] Zanganeh, M., Tomlinson, R.A., and Yates J.R., T-stress determination using thermoelastic stress analysis, Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design, Vol.43, (2008), pp 529-537. ] but recently it has been proposed that an understanding of the crack tip plasticity may be obtained from the TSA phase data [[] Patki, A.S., Patterson, EA., Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, Vol. 33, (2010), pp. 809-821. ].
Areas with a maximum principal strain greater than the material yield value were assumed to have yielded and hence be inside the plastic zone.
Previous work using the optical method of caustics has shown that under zero load a residual caustic is observed at the tip of the fatigue crack indicating the presence of a residual strain field, due to crack tip plasticity [[]Tomlinson, R.A., Patterson, E.A., Fatigue and Fracture in Engineering Materials and Structures, Vol. 20, (10), (1997), pp. 1467-1479. ].
Acknowledgements These experiments were conducted at Michigan State University and Tomlinson’s visit was funded by an Overseas Travel Grant from the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council.