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The SEM micrographs reveal that the grain of the samples exhibits well developed particles of irregular shape.
However, there are numerous numbers of studies that focusing on the chemical substitution using different cation element in order to enhance the conductivities properties of lithium ion for garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12.
It can been seen that the grain size is about 7.1 – 8.9 μm.
From the observation, the grain size decrease as the Sn content increase in the composition of Li7La3Zr2-xSnxO12 (x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00) which can be related with the contribution of very low conductivity of the sample.
x = 0.50 x = 0.25 x = 0.00 x = 0.75 x = 1.00 Fig. 4: SEM micrographs of Li7La3Zr2-xSnxO12 (x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00) with its histogram of average grain size.

In the first part of the paper, the definition of material damping by means of a closed loop in the shear stress - shear strain plane is presented along with a report on literature data associated with damping of coarse-grained soils and the important factors that control material damping of sands and gravels.
In the study by Menq [4], it was found that for granular soils, material damping slightly increases with an increase of the coefficient of uniformity and with a decrease of mean grain size, which trends were not captured in the studies by Senetakis et al. [5,6,7].
This soil is of gravel size with a coefficient of uniformity of about 1.00 and a mean grain size of about 8.00 mm.
Because of the limited number of data points reported in the study, it is hard to make firm conclusions regarding the differences in the obtained damping values using the SSV and FVD methods.
In a recent study [8] based on resonant column tests on quartz medium to coarse grained sands there was reported a satisfactory agreement between the SSV and FVD methods without a systematic over- or under-estimtion of Ds values when the SSV method is used over the FVD method.

In the SPS process, CNTs promoted the sintering kinetics, and the liquid state of Ni can act as sintering aid to accelerate the grain boundary extension.
For their unique structure of high aspect ratio and large number of dangling bonds, CNTs have strong microwave absorbing performace in the GHz frequency range [8].
So the local temperature near CNTs are much higher than ferrite grains as detected by outside optical thermometer, which is the driving force for the Ni0.5Zn0.45Co0.05Fe2O4 grain growth.
The grain size of the Ni0.5Zn0.45Co0.05Fe2O4 is about 17nm (Fig.2.a), and after sintered at 750 oC by SPS, the grain size increased to 91nm approximately (Fig.2.b).
From the Fig.2.c, we can see the distribution of the ferrite grain size is very uniform, and the fracture is very dense.

And then it is divided into 15 pieces with each size is 30mm×85mm×100mm and numbered.
Y= Ax-b Where Y is the granularity of inclusion X is intensity of abnormal spark discharge A and b are all constants There is agreement between the results, intensity resolution section and frequency distribution of each section, obtained by OPA intensity statistic distribution and the results, grain size statistic distribution of inclusion, obtained by metallograph and SEM methods, see the figure 6 and figure7.
In the measured sample, the main grain size is less than 3μm with small amount between 3～5μm and few more than 5μm.
figure 6 frequency distribution of figure 7 size distribution of Al intensity resolution section inclusions in calibration sample Table 4 Comparison between the grain size and intensity abnormal single discharge grain size Intensity Section Less than 1μm 2000～4000 1～3 4000～16000 4～5 16000～28000 5～8 28000～42000 ～10 or more than 10 42000～64000 Table 5 grain size distribution of samples3 and samples5 Size(um) 3＃distribution 5＃distribution <1 50.4％ 62.1％ 1～3 35.2％ 26.5％ 3～5 12.0％ 9.3％ 5～8 1.7％ 2.0％ ～10 或》10 0.7％ 0.1％ 3.4 Inclusion Distribution in the cross section of continuous casting slab Figure 8 is the three-dimension graph of Al inclusion distribution from OPA for sample 1#、8#、15#, represents the central and two edge part individually.
The grain size of the Al inclusion is 1μm～10μm with most inclusions smaller than 3μm, small amount around 3～5μm and few bigger than 5μm.

After temperature 1230°C, the UTS rapidly drop probably due to grain growth phenomena with the development of discontinuous carbide films and the appearance of brittle eutectic carbide phase at the prior austenite grains.
During at temperature below of 1230°C, the microstructure indicates that small size grain and a large number of irregular shape large pores spread inside the grain boundary as the sintered specimen was not sufficiently densified yet [4-6].
At temperatures range of 1240°C to 1250°C, angular carbides in the grain boundaries gradually showed growth of grain with the increasing temperature while the small carbide inside the grain shrink and reduced.
However, as the sintering temperature is increased to 1230°C near full density is achieved as the grain boundaries appeared to replace the powder boundary and the grain begin to grow.
The inter-grain-boundary fracture characteristic was observed [4-7].

It is considered that deterioration in thermal stability (heat stability) in nanocrystal materials is a consequence of very high free energy accumulated on grain boundaries which leads to the big driving force promoting growth of grain [1].
In a number of researches it was established that at high-temperature annealing of composite, consist of nanocrystalline nickel nanowires (NC NWs) electrodeposited into porous anodic alumina oxide (PAA), the radial pressure which oxide render on NWs, because of distinction of matrix and NC nickel TCLW, can be softened with their axial expansion, if NWs are single-crystal [2].
Increase in temperature to 496 °C leads to increase in the lateral sizes of grains located along a vertical axis of NWs.
It demonstrates that after annealing in the grains of NWs Ni with these crystal phases, internal deformations decrease due to reduction of interplanar spacing and growth of the grains size.
Alyoshin, Kinetic constants of abnormal growth of grains in nanocrystal nickel, Physics of Solid State. 2 (58) (2016) 401-408

Ripening Mature grain will become harder to be harvested.
Increasing mean temperature beyond the range of 12° to 26° C reduces grain weight by 4 percent per degree more during grain filling [37, 39].
The yield of wheat is determined by the number of plants per hectare, number of ears per plant, number of kernels per ear, and individual grain weight [38].
Barnard, Physiological changes in the wheat crop, Grain SA (2012)
Boddington, Effects of frost during grain filling on wheat yield and grain structure, New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 26 (1998) 279–290

The complexity of the test is caused by the grain orientation and difficult accessibility of the weld and it is therefore necessary to redound the examinations by simulation.
The complexity of these studies is the difficult accessibility baof this welded joint and the grain orientation, as well as the coarse elongated crystalline structure.
Simulation can significantly reduce the number of samples and tests, thus reducing the cost and time of the design phase.
Probability of Detection (POD) curve with 95% confidence limit In the case of POD curves created with simulations, the number of samples and defects can be increased even at no cost, and the data collection is also done with simulation tools, so we can also determine the number of recorded data points freely.
If the calculations need to be refined, it is necessary to take into account the dependence of sound attenuation on grain orientation.

In the fracture surface of this specimen, the size and shape of SiC grains grew up and changed.
Especially, SiCf/SiC composite shows low activation on account of its low atomic number and good resistance to high-energy neutron irradiation and it is expected to be used as structural material in advanced energy systems such as fusion reactors [3-6].
Particularly, the SiC grains of Fig. 4 (d) grew up from 30 to about 200 nm, and a round shape of the SiC grains changed to a polygonal shape.
The growth rate of grains was great at 1780 oC or more.
Additive composition: Al2O3 / Y2O3 = 0.7 (wt.%) comparison of Fig. 3 (b) and Fig. 4 (d) revealed that the SiC grains of Fig. 3 (b) was smaller than that of Fig. 4 (d), and misty phases were observed around the SiC grains.

When extending the holding time from 5min to 1h, the average grain size of the sintered body became larger compared to the standard one.
Figure 2 shows the microstructure and grain diameter distribution of the sintered ceramics with different holding time.
The sample with longer holding time exhibited a lower transmittance than the standard one, as shown in Fig.1, suggesting that the light scattering by coarse grains is more serious and the fine grains should be recommended to obtain a high translucency.
Number frequency/% Number frequency/% Fig.1 Transmittance of the samples sintered in AlN-MgO system in 400-900 nm band.
a b Diameter/μm Diameter/μm Fig.2 SEM images and grain diameter distribution of the samples sintered at 1850℃ with 2wt% AlN-MgO (weight ratio is 3:1) for: (a) 5min and (b) 1h.