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Plant shut down) , no man power downtime and no material downtime.
The least Non Productive Time of a bottleneck equipment is when there is no idle time of no material to run the equipment; TIDLENM.
European Journal of Operational Research.
Hajji, Production Planning and Opportunistic Preventive Maintenance for Unreliable One-Machine Two-Products Manufacturing Systems, Science Direct IFAC-Papers On Line, 48-3 (2015) 478–483
[9] Salonen, A., Deleryd, M., Cost of poor maintenance: A concept for maintenance performance improvement, Journal of Quality In Maintenance Engineering. 17 (2011) 63-73

Jönsson2,c 1Department of Materials and Manufacturing, School of Engineering, Jönköping University, Sweden 2Department of Material Science and Technology, School of Industrial Engineering and Management, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden apeter.svidro@ju.se, battila.dioszegi@ju.se, cparj@kth.se Keywords: lamellar graphite iron, volume change, thermal analysis Abstract.
The material of the sample holder is usually sand and the investigated alloy is usually cast into a mold.
The thermal field is also heavily correlated to the material of the sample holder, since this is the medium that transports away the heat.
As it was mentioned above, in the case of all research units this material is the sand.
Kohler, Metal and Mold Wall Movements During Solidification of Cast Iron, Cast Metals Research Journal AFS 9 (1973) 20–30

If the following inequality is satisfied on a shear plane passing through each material point at least once in the whole stress cycle, damage occurs.
The constants (aDV and bDV) are the functions of the material fatigue limits [9].
The yield stress (s Y) values: for a plain C-Mn Head Hardened grade, HH (AS 1085.1) - s Y = 615 MPa , Low Alloy Heat Treated grade, LAHT3 - s Y = 753 MPa and Hypereutectoid heat treated grade HE - s Y = 895 MPa are illustrated in Figure 3 by three dashed lines, which can be used to examine the yield criteria for these materials.
Increasing the fatigue strength enables the head wear (HW) limit to be increased for high strength rail material grades such as low alloy or hypereutectoid heat treated grades.
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 2012;226(3):318-30

The initial material thickness is t0 = 300 μm.
This value is expected to be bigger than before the forging process (w0 = 4 mm), depending on the material flow.
The Laser Scanning Microscope (LSM) shows how the material distribution in the forged profiles is not uniform along the compressed area.
Not considering the filling of the cavities below, this material flow is not influenced by the typical size effects of microforming.
Ni, Experimental and Numerical Investigations on Microcoining of Stainless Steel 304, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering (2008), Vol 130, pp. 0410171-0410176 [4] S.J.

Such small concentrations of impurities are known to strongly affect the migration rate of grain boundaries in many materials [1-4].
Experimental Materials and Sample Preparation.
Results Both gold and copper are FCC metals with low-medium stacking fault energy and the materials have ppm level dopants.
Zhang: Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 68 (1997), p. 288
Lee: Materials Science Forum Vol. 408-412 (2002), p.913

Fig. 1 shows the a Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in this paper to specify adequately the experimental procedure.
Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology & The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
b Rohm and Haas, Advanced Materials Div.
(formerly Morton Advanced Materials), Woburn, MA, USA Fig. 1.
Jadaan: Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, Vol.12, (2003), pp. 302-312

Introduction Metal oxides play a very important role in many areas of physics, chemistry, and materials science [1].
Nano-oxide materials have structure features in between those of atoms and bulk materials [17].
Moriarty, Nanostructured materials, Rep.
Ohring, The Material Science of Thin Films, Academic-Press, San Diego, 1992
Drofenik, Synthesis of materials within reverse micelles, Surf.

EEDI and ship technologies Technologies which are available to significantly improve energy efficiency in the short, medium and long term include (see also Table 2): § Ship capacity enhancement o Larger ships; Purposely designed ships for specific routes/cargo mixers; Multi-purpose ships (combination carriers) to avoid ballast (empty) legs; Use of light weight construction materials; Zero or minimum ballast configurations; § Hull and propeller o Hull optimization for less resistance and improved sea margins; Advanced underwater hull coatings and monitoring; More hydro-dynamically efficient aft-ship, propeller and rudder arrangements; Reduced air drag through improved aerodynamics of hull and superstructure; Hull air lubrication systems
This work was supported by specialized research fund for the doctoral programme of Higher Education (No 200801510001) and National Natural Science foundation of China (No. 70940008).
Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D12301
Journal of Transport Geography 17, 325–337
WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs 8, 1–25

The field situations are ever-changing during the during the construction period; the boundary conditions such as geological conditions, material properties, climate and hydraulic conditions, construction schedule, temperature control progress, arch closure process and impounding progress are different from those for the design period[1-4]; thus, various unpredictable issues during the construction period may occur in comparison with those during the design period; moreover, various operation conditions and countermeasure schedules prepared during the design period may not cover all conditions during the implementation period; in addition, the comprehensive study may not be carried out to a lot of detailed temperature control technologies during the design period.
By using the construction management information system developed in project fields and the all-dimensional research approach, the whole process tracing was carried out to the casting progress, material changes, climate conditions, temperature control measures, arch closure process and impounding process of Xiluodu Arch Dam construction during the construction period from multiple perspectives such as the dam and foundation modeling, construction and monitoring data analysis, heat effect during the construction period, material inverter and feedback analysis on mechanics property parameters, feedback simulation and prediction analysis on casting process, whole dam and whole process simulation and prediction analysis.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program 2013CB036406 and 2013CB032904), the Twelfth-five Science and Technology Support Project (2013BAB06B02) , IWHR and the Basin Water Cycle Simulation and Regulation of State Key Laboratory Special Research Foundation.
References: [1] Zhang Guoxin, Liu Youzhi, Liu Yi et al., Cause analysis and temperature control and crack prevention measures on cracks in the super-high arch dam during the construction period [J], Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering, 2010, Vol. 29, No. 5: 45-50 [2] Zhang Guoxin, Ai Yongping, Liu Youzhi et al., Investigation on temperature control and crack prevention issues for the super-high arch dam during the construction period [J], Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering, 2010, Vol.29, No. 5: 125-130 [3] Zhu Bofang.
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2007, 3 (12): 34-39

In this approach, neither adding nor removing materials.
In some cases, powder or sheets materials are used to replace that of liquid.
Main limit is that the materials can be synthesized again by solution.
In this case, the most materials can be processed.
Changchun Polytechnic University Journal (natural science edition), 2008(03):1-8,In Chinese