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Local damages such as knots, d ecay, and cracks can be translated into a reduction of service life due to mechanical and environmental loadings.
These local damages result in reduction of system performance, structural safety and integrity.
It results in reduction of modal parameters such as natural frequencies, damping, and mode shapes.
Then the data were dumped from FFT analyzer to personal computer for post processing.

The decrease of the eutectic microstructures causes a reduction of the tensile strength.
Ten joints were measured under each test condition and the average of the maximum shear force was evaluated by the data except maximum and minimum values.
Reduction of ball shear force occurred due to the reduction of strength of the solder by aging.

Then, we discussed the economic efficiency of HDSG used for heavy oil recovery and concluded that although the pressurization of fuel and oxygen would cost as much as the energy saved by utilizing the flue gas heat, using HDSG for heavy oil recovery has other incalculable benefits such as miscible flooding, waste water treatment and reduction of heat loss through injection well.
From Wellig’s experiment data, we noticed that the extinction temperature had decreased to 81oC when using 28 wt. % methanol solution, but the inlet temperature of oxygen was set at 400 oC along all those experiments.
Reduction of heat loss through injection well.
Although the pressurization of fuel and oxygen would cost as much as the energy saved, HDSG using for heavy oil recovery have other benefits such as miscible flooding, waste water treatment and reduction of heat loss through injection well.

Temperature of concretion nucleation and binary eutectic reaction was increased after a reduction, whereas the time was presented dynamically, both the minimum value which were obtained at 715 ℃are 23.48s and 89.24s respectively.
Cooling curves was tested by K-type thermocouple, which was located in the center position of castings, test data was recorded by XSR 70 color paperless logger, the input signal is 4～20 mA and the recording frequency is 0.1s, as shown in the Figure 2.
Through the test results, it was found that in the filling temperature range from 750℃ to 715℃, cooling rates were rose constantly with the reduction of pouring temperature, the peak point which was emerged at 715℃ is 5.93℃/min, along with a decline to 4.23 ℃/min at 705℃ subsequently, the changing trend of cooling rates with the pouring temperature from 705℃ to 675℃ is mimetic as the circumstances discussed above, the maximum value is 5.24℃/min, which was attained at the pouring temperature of 675℃, as shown in the Figure 8.
Through the analysis of mathematical formula, it was found that with the reduction of pouring temperature and binary eutectic reaction temperature, followed with a ascension of cooling rate and solidification nucleation temperature, the grain size was decreased successively.

The maximum reduction in OTR and WVTR of that nanocomposite film with Perkalite loading of 3 pph are 76% and 37%, respectively compared with neat PLA film.
Data were recorded in 2θ range of 2-30˚ at the scan rate of 2˚/min.
Fig. 4a and 4b show that increasing content of Perkalite clay from 1 to 3 pph led to a reduction of bubble phase (PEG phase) appearance.
This is due to the fine particle of Perkalite clay was well dispersed in PLA matrix causing a reduction in PEG phase appearance.

pressure state response information human activity population industry& agriculture fishery industry others wetland environment Biology Atmosphere Soil &water others environment change area reduction function degradation ecological measure others society response（decision and action） Fig. 1 PSR model Establishment of wetland ecological evaluation index system Based on PSR model, index selection should consider the ecosystem service function, human activities, human social and economic status.
So five indicators were selected, which were the wetland management, policies and regulations to carry out strength, wetland protection consciousness, environmental protection investment rate, the percentage of energy conservation and emissions reduction.
pressure state impact response driving force oilfield sewage discharge; landing oil pollution; oil processing emissions; non-point source pollution emissions; aquaculture; animal husbandry; sea water resources; lack of fresh water resources； hydrologic sediment; precipitation; the main rivers runoff; water quality; soil; ecological; species diversity; Salinization; ecosystem disturban-ce; aquacul- ture loss; vegetation succession; species reduce; tourism loss health threats； development activity control; pollution reduction projects; environmental protection scientific research investment proportion; ecological water conservancy project implementation; industrial structure adjustment; Wetland management level; regulations construction； Ecological damage Management requirements Damage Develop-ment power sustainable development improve economic development; oil producti- on; oil processing; residents life; social progress; resource
Wetland ecosystem health evaluation A Pressure index B1 State index B2 Response index B3 Human activity intensity C1 The social and economic development level C2 Land use intensity C3 Per capita cultivated land area C4 Water area proportion C5 Pesticide utilization C6 Fertilizer utilizationC7 Industrial sewage treatment C8 Wetland natural disasters C9 Species diversity C10 Land pollution indicators C14 Water quality pollution indicators C15 Atmospheric pollution indicators C13 Sensitive animals change C12 Advantage plant coverage C11 Hydrological regulation function C18 Wildlife habitat C17 Wetland protection consciousness C19 Efforts to implement the policies and regulations C20 Wetland management level C21 Environmental protection investment accounts of GDP C22 Percentage of energy conservation and emissions reduction C23 Wetland area degradation rate C16 Fig. 3 Wetland ecosystem health evaluation index system Evaluation results Tab. 1 Evaluation
Response B3 Judgment matrix consistency ratio：0.0890;Weight to the total target：0.2970; \lambda_{max}：5.3985 B3 C19 C20 C21 C22 C23 Wi C19 1.0000 0.1667 0.2500 0.2000 0.3333 0.0495 C20 6.0000 1.0000 4.0000 0.5000 3.0000 0.3292 C21 4.0000 0.2500 1.0000 0.3333 0.3333 0.1036 C22 5.0000 2.0000 3.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.3174 C23 3.0000 0.3333 3.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.2003 The evaluation index result sort data is made into a chart as below Fig.4.

The pressure drop measurement of distilled water was also taken between changeovers to ensure the repeatability of the data.
Though viscosity and density of nanofluids are higher than that of base fluid, the reduction in friction factor enables the nanofluid to attain higher velocities.In general, the increase in flow rate may be due to either reduction in viscous resistance forces or increase in buoyancy driving forces.
Fig. 2 (a) Pressure Drop and (b) Velocity, of Al2O3-water nanofluid at different concentrations versus Average Fluid Temperature Average Fluid temperature (°C) Average Fluid temperature (°C) Fig. 3 (a) Pressure Drop and (b) Velocity, of CuO-water nanofluid at different concentrations and fluid temperature Fig. 4 Comparison of Reynolds Number of Al2O3-water and CuO-water nanofluids at (a) 0.01% and (b) 0.1% by volume concentration Earlier experiments conducted in the authors’ laboratory for nanofluids showed that there is slight reduction in friction factor and the friction factor reduces further as concentration increases.
A small reduction in friction factor is enough to produce higher flow rate overcoming the effects of viscosity.
Even though density and viscosity increases with nanoparticle concentration, pressure drop increases due to the reduction in friction factor.

Phase composition of the samples was evaluated using PDF 2 (Release 2011) database (International Centre for Diffraction Data).
Small particle size was caused by using less effective reduction pathway.
TEM images of nanocomposites a) S2 and b) S3 The reduction took a place only for Ag cations adsorbed on the surface of C3N4.
If the amount of silver is too high, the amount of free electrons for oxygen reduction to superoxygen radicals is less and the photocatalytic activity is lowered.
Similar trend was observed for Ag NPs prepared by reduction reagent NaBH4.

Within the emerging trend of the reduction in the thickness of ready profile components (up to 0.6 mm and less) at the preservation of general structural integrity, the issues of increasing the quality of ready products become quite relevant.
Results of tests on plasticity evaluation of samples with homogenization The analysis of given data shows that all the studied ingots have different plastic properties on the height.
The conducted homogenization facilitated the reduction of metal yield stress.
The ingot, obtained after the re-melting of only scrap metal, no significant reduction of plasticity values scatter between the ingot upper and lower parts was found.
Park, Improvement of mechanical properties and reduction of yield asymmetry of extruded Mg-Al-Zn alloy through Sn addition, Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 766 (2018) 748-758

Subsequently these plates were cold rolled (CR) to 4 mm thickness (50% reduction) and then annealed at 800˚C for 1 h in order to breakdown the coarse grained structure developed during homogenization.
The CR was carried out in steps of 10% reduction per pass until 80% reduction (0.8 mm thickness) and then further CR to 90% reduction (0.4 mm thickness) by multiple passes.
The heavily CR sheets (90% reduction) were finally isochronally annealed at 700˚C and 1100˚C for 1 h in a tubular furnace with argon flow and then immediately quenched in water.
The pole figures (PFs) and orientation distribution functions (ODFs) were calculated from the acquired EBSD data using HKL channel 5 software.