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Samples were tested in the press EU 100.Tension force (samples were loaded parallel to the grain) was increased gradually.
Samples failure was caused by exceeding the timber strength in tension perpendicular to the grain.
For decreasing the probability of the crack occurrence during sample testing, reinforcement should be in the direction perpendicular to the grain [7].
Screws were oriented perpendicular to the grain.
As the number of samples is small, the presented results are prone to statistical error.

Second is fabrication and measurement.After measure the LED’s property, calculating the ratio of each colored LEDs by using Grassmann’s Law,modeling by Solidworks, and simulating the front study by optical software TracePro.Using four-color mixing with self-developed formula to avoid the present white light emitting diode patent, and the four-color grains are Red, Green, Blue and adding Y to modify the overall quality of the mixed light.The phosphorproduceSteabler-Wronsk hardly in the high temperatureas compared tofour-color mixing.Using four-color mixing to producehigher color rendering index than yellow phosphor.Series-parallel array of grain arrangement adopted to achieve the high demand for uniformity, while simplifying the design conditions by a certain current instead of the general mixed light-driven complex driver circuit,the completion of the mixing module using integrating sphere, light spectrum on the spectrophotometer, optical power, color coordinates values, such as mixing
We also used a merit function for color uniformity, which the RMS (root mean square) color variation is given by Eq.7, where M is simply the number of sampling points that calculated values of Δuv. [6] Δu'v’x,y,z=u'x,y,z-u'(0,0,z)2+v'x,y,z-v'(0,0,z)2， (5) u'x,y,z=4x-2x+12y+3，v'x,y,z=9y-2x+12y+3， (6) Δu'v’zRMS=1MxyΔu'v’x,y,z2， (7) Simulation We first measured each single LED of red, green, blue, and yellow (RGBY) at 20mA current inside an integrating sphere.
Measurement of the illumination uniformity RGBY four-color grain photoelectric color analog 3000K, the implementation module representation and measurement, and compare the color uniformity, chromaticity coordinates.

The results show that the films of 1Cr18Ni9Ti are distributed by means of islands when the sputtering was initiated and the grains are like thin fiber.
Therefore it can increase the number of cell nucleation and promote grain refinement.
As sputtering time extending, the grains of film grow up.
According to the Hall-Petch theory, the film mechanical performance will decrease with the growing grains.
Conclusions (1) In this experiment, the film is obtained by atom of stainless steel piling into groups during the growth period, the distribution of island surface was rough, grains are thin fibers

The decrease in grain size of the samples after Gamma irradiated is observed.
In case [Py/X]N multilayers structure, the magnetoimpedance sensitive with the separating layer such kind Cu, Ti, Ag, or Gd and also N the number of layers [8,9].
Large grain shapes were observed for samples before gamma irradiation.
After gamma radiation, the surface morphology grain become smaller than before.
The decrease in grain size of the samples after Gamma irradiated is observed.

Introduction The solid propellant grain is an important part of solid rocket motor (SRM) .
Generalized notches exist in SRM, such as the star perforation grain, wagon wheel grain, and so on.
In some particular grain configuration which is favoured by the designer as its large fill ratio and combustion area, veritable notches exist [1].
Tabel 2 Notch strength of notched specimens Number Kt σbN /MPa Deflection/mm Number Kt σbN /MPa Deflection/mm 1 3.43 1.61 1.11 10 1.81 1.95 1.64 2 3.43 1.52 1.03 11 1.44 2.47 2.94 3 3.43 1.58 0.97 12 1.44 2.67 2.94 4 2.41 1.49 1.02 13 1.44 2.74 2.67 5 2.41 1.62 1.38 14 1.44 2.75 2.60 6 2.41 1.64 1.16 15 1.30 2.82 3.10 7 1.81 2.23 2.10 16 1.30 2.93 3.16 8 1.81 2.06 1.56 17 1.30 2.89 3.39 9 1.81 1.99 1.60 For the low plasticity material, the notch strength can be calculated using the following formula
The KbN is instructive and meaningful to the evaluation of the strength and the propellant grain design.

The properties of sol-gel products are influenced by process parameters, such as heat treatment condition, sol reactivity, viscosity, oxide ratio and the number of coatings which affects electrical, optical and structural properties of the films [4].
The number of particles and their shapes depend on nucleation and crystallization stage.
It has been reported that grain size increased with increasing in coating cycle times and heat treatment time [15].
a: Sc1, circular grains shapes (42.8nm) b: Sc2, circular grains shapes (40.64nm) c: Sc3, circular grains shapes (43.65nm).
d: Sc4, elongated grains shapes (45.85nm).

When the true strain was 0.1, the martensite separated the β grain into a large number of micron-sized grains.
In order to obtain the structure of fully broken grains, the ingot was upsetted and stretched repeatedly in the two-phase region of (α+β) by 4500t fast forging machine.
Therefore, soft αp grains are more easily to undergo plastic deformation than that of hard βtrans phase during compressive deformation.
[11] Wei Chen, Qiaoyan Sun, Lin Xiao, Jun Sun, Deformation-Induced Grain Refinement and Amorphization in Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al Alloy, J.
Bhargava, Influence of β grain size on tensile behavior and ductile fracture toughness of titanium alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, J.

For this, coarse graining operation is attempted on the inhomogeneous free energy functional of CVM.
Hence, coarse graining operation is performed on the inhomogeneous free energy density of CVM, which enables one to introduce atomistic interaction energies obtained by electronic structure calculations into PFM formalism.
In order to describe the two different spatial scales of PFM and CVM, the coarse graining operation is attempted in the following manner.
The former and latter, respectively, identify the coordinate of a coarse grain and the location of an atom within each grain.
Since it was confirmed that T=820K is in the nucleation-growth regime, we first assign nuclei by generating random numbers and the assumption of site-saturation is imposed.

The experiment results investigated that the sample annealed with constant temperature of 300 has the high grain size and surface roughness.
Table1 Sample Number Annealing mode A Annealing with constant temperature B Annealing with temperature rising step by step C As-grown X-ray diffractometer (Cu Ka radiation with the wavelength of 0.15406 nm) was used to investigate the crystalline phase of the thin films.
This result indicates that the grain dimension increased after annealing.
Sample A, which was annealed under constant temperature of 300 for 2 hours, has the highest grain size.
The images indicate that the grains exhibit a circular shape for sample B and C.

Introduction Plastic deformation is characterized by tangled dislocations[1], dislocation pile-ups[2] at Grain boundaries, wide stacking faults and twins, resulting from the low stacking fault energy.
b a Fig.3 (a) The impedance change of austenite grain under different strain level; (b) The impedance change of austenite under different strain level at the frequency of 0.1Hz According to Fig.3 (a), austenitic grain impedance presented capacitive reactance characteristics.
With the increase of the deformation, the impedance of austenitic grain decreased monotonously.
(2) Consequently, surface potential changed with the number (n) of dislocation in a dislocation pile-up monotonously.
a b Fig.4 (a) Image of dislocation pile-ups in the grain boundary under the strain of 30%;(b) Image of martensite and cell wall under the strain of 40% Through the Fig. 4(a), plane dislocation pile-up was observed under the strain level of 30% on the grain boundary.