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[3] HOU, HongmiaoYING, Liang WU, Xiufeng el.at .
[5] SUN Cai-na ,ZhANG Mei ,SHAO Gua-jie el at.
[6] JIANG Chao,SHAN Zhong-de,ZHUANG, Bai-liang el at.
[7] Du Lin-xiu, Yao Sheng-jie, Xiong Ming-xian el at.
[9] MIN J, LIN J, XIN L, et al.

In last two cases in the injection electroluminescence (IEL) spectra the peak at hνmax between 2.35 and 2.5 eV were observed, which is close to the peak of EL due to defects in 6H-SiC but, possibly, is due to free exciton annihilation in a quantum well in 3C-SiC at the 6H-SiC/3C-SiC heterointerface [4, 5].
The pn junction was formed by growth of p+ (Al)-layer (with doping (1-2)x10 19 cm-3).
An ohmic contact was applied to the p + -type region by deposition of Al and Ti and annealing at 1100 oC.
But the behavior of the IEL intensity of the green peak as a function of current (which is given by a power law dependence L ∼ I m where m>2 over broad range of the current, Fig.4b) and probable increasing of the IEL intensity of the green peak with heating the structure by the Joule heat allow to suggest the existence (together with defect EL in 6H-SiC) of EL band which can be considered to be due to the free exciton annihilation in 3C-SiC (curve a in Fig.3).
This band is close to the EL peak due to defects in 6H-SiC but also can be due to free exciton annihilation in a quantum well in 3C-SiC. 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 Photon energy, eV 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 IEL intensity, arb.un. 1) XII-18 2) XII-24 5) VI-6 9) XV-17 a) 3C-SiC a 1 9 5 21.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 Photon energy, eV 1E+000 1E+001 1E+002 1E+003 1E+004 1E+005 1 8 4 IEL intensity, arb.un. a 1E-003 1E-002 1E-001 Current, A 1E+001 1E+002 1E+003 1E+004 1E+005 1) peak (2.3-2.36) eV Fit 1: Power (m=2.6) 2) peak 2.914 eV Fit 2: Power (m=3.6) 1 2 IEL intensity, arb.un.

The high intensity of Al signals, compared to those of steel substrate is a valid confirmation that Al covers the steel surface; it results to be affected by several process parameter.
References [1] El-Sayed M.
Li, Study on electrodeposition of Al on W-Cu substrate in AlCl3+LiAlH4 solutions, Surf.
Zein El Abedin et al, Additive free electrodeposition of nanocristalline aluminium in water and air stable ionic liquid; Electrochemistry communications 7 (2005) 1111-1116
Bardi et al Electrodeposition of aluminium film on P90 Li–Al alloy as protective coating against corrosion; Surface & Coatings Technology 203 (2009) 1373–1378

El-Shenawy1,a*, Hoda Refaiy2,b and Hoda Nasr El-Din3,c 1,2,3Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.
Table1.The chemical composition of the studied steel alloy Element C Si Mn P S Mo Ni Al Nb Wt.% 0.35 0.6 1.5 0.02 0.008 0.25 1.5 1.1 0.05 The cast steel specimens were homogenized at 1250 ºC for 2 hours in a muffle furnace, and then furnace cooled.
Park et al [14] investigated roles of tempering temperature and the holding time on the decomposition of retained austenite and the redistribution of alloying in a conventional TRIP steel alloy using transmission electron microscopy.
El-Din , E.
Lee et al. / Scripta Materialia 65 (2011) 225–228

For example, Al-Ta binary system shows a remarkable gap difference between the melting points of Al (933 K) and Ta (3293 K).
Materials and Methods The powder mixtures for milling were Fe–28 wt. % Al; Fe–26 wt. % Al–2 wt. % Sn and Fe–26 wt. % Al–2 wt. % V.
The bcc Fe (Al) solid solution is formed [10, 17].
This suggests that a Fe (Al,Sn) solid solution is formed by replacement of the separate Fe, Al and Sn phases.
Sherif El-Eskandarany, in Mechanical Alloying, Kinetic processes and mechanisms of mechanical alloying (2001) [6] M.

Then, the elastoplastic time-history dynamic analysis is carried on with the story shear model by the finite element method, and the ground motion of El Centro waves are adopted as earthquake input motion.
The El Centro wave (1940, S-N) is used as the input motion, and the peak ground accelerations (PGAs) are adjusted to 110gal, 220gal, 392gal, 620gal.
The interstory drift angle limits of the yielding, ultimate and final failure state are 1/950-1/800, 1/400-1/350 and 1/300-1/250, respectively; which is based on the statistic analysis of the test results by Xia et al (Xia, 1987&1988).
S., et al, "Experimental Study on the seismic performance of masonry building model with tie-column and reinforcement", Report of Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, 1987 [4] Xia J.

Al/CFRP members were manufactured by wrapping CFRP prepreg sheets outside the aluminum members in the autoclave.
The total absorbed energy (EL) is given as below Eq. (2).
And those of Al/CFRP circular and square members whose fiber orientation angle of CFRP is 15˚ were 4.82m/sec.
While in 90˚/0˚ Al/CFRP member, outer 90˚ fibers are broken by shear stress.
Thus 90˚/0˚ Al/CFRP member with (a) [+152/-152]S (b) [+452/-452]S (c) [+902/-902]S (d) [02/902]S (e) [902/02]S Fig. 1 Typical collapse modes of Al/CFRP circular members.

.% Al, 1 wt.% Zn, 0.2 wt.% Mn, balance Mg), for it is one of the most useful commercial Mg alloy.
Thickness before rolling (mm) Thickness after rolling (mm) Rolling reduction (%) T1 (K) T2 (K) T3 (K) EL (%) UTS (MPa) Raw 1.60 - 0 - - - 19.4 256.3 TER 1.60 1.12 30 355 453 441 16.9 313.4 WR 1.60 1.12 30 298 453 438 13.0 311.6 Note: T1 represents the surface temperature of the samples near the entrance of rollers.
Apparently, the EL of TER samples was higher than WR samples.
As a result, compared with the WR process, the TER process could ameliorate the loss of the EL and further improve the UTS of the samples.
Furthermore, based on the coupling of the thermal and athermal effects of electropulsing, TER process could produce a large flux of vacancies, activate and accelerate the dislocations climbing of the non-basal planes, and rearrange piling-up dislocations by annihilation, climb and cross-slip, which were controlled by self-diffusion, proposed by Xu et al. [7].

In 1975, nonlinear static analysis method first put forward by Freeman et al.
El Centro waves, Tianjin waves and Shanghai waves are chosen as the seismic waves in the process of computation.
In thecase of rarely encountered earthquake, the maximum story drifts angle of the structure is 1/714，1/580 and 1/1007, which are much smaller than the plastic story drift limits =1/50, under the Table 1 Storey drift and storey drift angle Seismic wave EL-Centro wave Tianjin wave Shanghai wave Frequent earthquakes Maximum story drift(mm) 2.8 3.9 6.4 Maximum story drift angle 1/5000 1/3590 1/2187 rarely encountered Earthquakes Maximum story drift(mm) 19.6 24.1 13.9 Maximum story drift angle 1/714 1/580 1/1007 action of EL-Centro wave,Tianjin wave, Shanghai wave .
Therefore, through the nonlinear static analysis software of new multi-storey frame structure, we calculate the maximum relative displacement, under the action of EL-Centro wave, Tianjin wave and Shanghai wave shown in Figure 8.
But, under the action of EL-Centro wave, the relative displacement is relatively larger.

Bellaziz, and al.
El Cadi, H.
El Wazna, A.
El Bouari, O.
[9] Sathiparan, Navaratnarajah, et al.