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In TMAZ, the grains undergo the combined effect of strong stirring and thermal cycle in FSW, which leads to the local fragmentations and adhesive growth of grains in the area near NZ, and the size of recrystallized grain is larger than that in NZ, as shown in Fig. 2d.
Fig. 3 is about the microstructure of grains in different parts.
Fine grains in this area are mainly mixed up, and they don’t combine firmly as the grain boundary is non-metallurgical.
The fine grains are at one side, but the bent and deformed grains are at the other side, shown in Fig.4a.
These aggregated particles reduce the number of θ phase in surrounding matrices, and weaken the intensity of HAZ or TMAZ.

The aggregation or enrichment of Al at the grain boundaries is said to be due to grain boundary adsorption.
Since Al aggregates along the grain boundaries, the grain interior, which is predominantly Mg, constitutes the a-Mg phase.
The microstructure can therefore be said to consist of a-Mg phase at the grain interior, eutectic β phase primarily along the grain boundaries and AlMn-rich intermetallic particles randomly distributed within and along the grain boundaries.
The distribution of Al on the corroded specimen is unaffected by the shallow pits or cavities observed at the grain interior as the percentage intensities in the mapping of the grain interior and grain boundary areas are approximately the same for both the corroded and uncorroded specimens.
There is no marked difference in the number and distribution of these features on the uncorroded surfaces of the two alloys.

Fig.1 Relative motion of workpiece and chassis Fig.2 Grinding contrail Fig.3 The relationship between ω1 and ω2 At the beginning of grinding, since the size of grains is not uniform, the larger grains will be squeezed into the workpieces because of the larger pressure.
Along with the finishing processing, grains keep breaking to produce many little grains in uniform size which have sharp angles and better cutting ability.
With the time increasing of grinding, the little grains will cut the surface of workpiece and leave grooves.
Results and discussion Influence of time(T) on roughness(Ra) and mass loss(∆m).The variation of time may affect the number of the grooves left by abrasives in unit area.
At the beginning of grinding, the numbers of scratches in unit area on surface left by grain increases with time, and Ra will decrease apparently.

The mean size of the grains, determined as the average value of the distance between neighbored valleys, is ~ 200 nm.The grain size increase with the annealing time can be clearly seen from the images.
At 500°C annealing, the grain size increases with the annealing time, from 100nm for 1h to 150 nm for 2h.
This result is consistent with literature: as the decrease of the annealing time, the grain size obtained decreases rapidly.
The absorption at the wave number range of 500 cm-1-2000 cm-1 is caused by the glass substrates.
Comparing the IR transmittance rate at the wave number in the range of 2000cm-1-4000cm-1, the W-doped VO2 films (~50%) is lower than the un-doped films (~60%).

Tab.1 Mortar and brick quality ratio in construction wastes Number Cement mortar quality Brick quality Rate 1 885.6 2704.7 0.33 2 960.8 2058.5 0.47 3 1251.3 2357.9 0.53 4 1083.2 2207.9 0.49 Average 　 　 0.46 screening and crushing.First the construction waste in the glass, wood, metal and other waste screening out, again through the crusher to break construction waste into meets the requirements of particle size[4].Combination of compaction test and it is concluded that the construction waste crushing value test break into fine grained soils ,can greatly reduce its crushing.Broken after fine grained soil, tab. 2 shows that construction waste of fine grained soil particles[5].
Tab.2 Construction waste of fine grained soil particles Mesh size 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075 Through the quality percentage (%) 94.35 67.08 53.83 33.42 22.66 17.86 11.45 Project design.Cement dosage can be divided into 4%, 5%, 6%, 7% four levels, the orthogonal experiment design, to determine in aggregate scheme for construction waste, construction waste and 40% gravel mixture and construction waste mixed with 40% under rubble three, after data processing, it is concluded that at least with more than 40% of the solution is the best.To increase the compressive strength of fine grained soil, the construction waste in fine grained soil mixed with nominal size for S11 gravel, its rock is limestone, crushing value of 18.4% < 28%, meet the requirements, in tab.3.
Tab.6 Different cement dosage unconfined compressive strength of the specimens Number 4% 5% 6% 7% 1 1.753 2.944 3.395 4.802 2 1.865 2.537 4.250 4.576 3 1.692 2.832 3.342 4.312 4 1.978 2.659 3.516 4.870 5 1.935 2.721 3.845 5.038 6 1.802 2.549 3.962 6.232 average compressive strength 1.838 2.707 3.718 4.972 Mechanical analysis Different road grade, the different levels, according to ≥Rd/（1-ZaCv） or higher on the test data processing, such as tab.6, the results and conclusions are as follows: when using S11 gravel and stone chips, cement dosage was 4%, 5% of cases, meet under secondary and secondary highway subbase strength requirements[8,9];Cement dosage was 6%, 7% of cases, although the mechanical properties satisfy the specification under secondary roads and secondary highway base and subbase requirement, but the dosage of cement is more, poor economy.

However, because the actual feeding path of the melt is a flexure crystal grain gap, the actual feeding resisting force is much bigger than the feeding resisting force in the slit-gating system[6].
Assuming that ξ is the ratio of the actual feeding resisting force to the feeding resisting force in the slit-gating system , the feeding resisting force can be expressed as: (5) The coefficient ξ relates to the amount and dimension of crystal grains, the thickness of the liquid-solid area, and the spatial orientation of crystal grains.
The coefficient ξ usually can be expressed approximately as: (6) Where D is the average diameter of the grains, G is the temperature gradient of the solid-liquid area, ΔT is the crystallizing-point range, ψ is the coefficient, and η is the ratio of the feeding pathway length to the solid-liquid area thickness.
Assuming the feeding speed of the melt is equable, Equation (9) can be expressed as: (9) The equation resulting from Equations (6), (7), and (9) is: (10) Assuming that the velocity unit of the liquid metal is the number of crystal grains passing through in unit time, Equation (10) can be expressed as: (11) With the lowering of temperature, the original sheet feeding path will decrease to a similar pore channel.
A new method of fine grained casting for nickle-base superalloys.

Introduction Granary thermometer an instrument of detecting grain temperature in the granary.
Main machines are placed in the side of the computer to collect and store the data, and then transmit the temperature data to the computer through serial ports; Measuring extension machines are installed in the warehouses of the granary, the extension number is corresponded with warehouse number.
Data Acquisition Module Using sensors to collect temperature data of the grain.
System function diagram l Grain status testing function：First display area, scroll by up/down keys, choose area by clicking “ok” to collect real-time data of grain temperature, warehouse temperature, and warehouse humidity.
System Software Design The main function of portable granary thermometer is to measure the temperature of grain in warehouse.

By varying the metal atoms in the crystal structure, one can produce virtually an infinite number of compounds with various magnetic properties [1].
The electrons reach the grain boundary through hopping and are piled up at the grain boundaries, which results in the interfacial polarization.
Cu ion occupies the octahedral site then the total number of iron ions at that site is decreased.
The above assumption is valid up to x = 0.2; after which the increase in dielectric constant is due to decrease in grain size with copper substitution.
When grain size is decreased, the resistivity increases and hence dielectric constant is increased.

The analysis of the concentration profiles for bulk diffusion obtained at low temperatures consistent with B-regime for grain boundary diffusion in systems Cu/Al, Fe and Co/Cu is performed.
Introduction This work is based on the experimental data obtained in recent study about grain boundary (GB) diffusion of Cu in Al [1], Fe and Co in Cu [2-4].
Mehrer with co-authors for précising of equilibrium concentration in a number of diffusion systems (see for example [5-7].
(96 hs) 800 °C (75 hs) 850 °C (76 hs) 900 °C (30 hs) Solubility 0.5 <1 1.3 1.5 2 2.5 Measured values/ depth 1.6/6mm 1.2/15mm 1.0/14 mm 0.95/20mm 1.1/20 mm 1.4/10mm Approximation on y=0 in the bulk 2 2 1.7 2.5 2.0 2.1 Supersaturation 4 2 1.5 1.6 1 0.84 Diffusion coefficient in Fe, m2/s 2.53×10-18 1.69×10-17 9.41×10-17 4.46×10-16 1.84×10-15 6.73×10-15 Diffusion depth h=2Dt 5.12×10-6 1.13×10-5 1.14×10-5 2.20×10-5 4.49×10-5 5.39×10-5 Table 3 Comparison of solubility limit and average values of measured concentration for Cu/Co system: Annealing parameters 600 (1536 hs) 700 (160 hs) 800 (100 hs) Solubility <0.7 <1 1.5 Measured values/ depth 4/6mm 2.9/6mm 2.3/10mm Approximation on y=0 in the bulk 5.7 3.5 2.5 Supersaturation 8 3.5 1.6 Diffusion coefficient in Co, m2/s 2.6×10-21 1.2×10-19 2.6×10-18 Diffusion depth h=2Dt 2.3×10-7 5.2×10-7 2.0×10-6 Discussion As one can see during the diffusion annealing with time/temperature parameters corresponding to the conditions of B-regime of grain
Acknowledgement This study was carried out with financial support of Ministry of Education and Science of Russian Federation, Increase Competitiveness Program of MISiS and Russian Foundation of Basic Research (Project 14-03-00809) with the use of the equipment of Common-Use Scientific Center ‘‘Material Science and Metallurgy’’ at NUST ‘‘MISiS’’ (identification number RFMEFI59414X0007, agreement № 14.594.21.0007).

EBSD-maps were taken from 8 different grains with elongated cell pattern in different samples and from 7 different grains with regular cell pattern in different samples.
Fig. 5 shows EBSD results representative for all investigated elongated grains.
Fig. 6 summarizes the EBSD-results typically obtained for grains with regular cells but also for their elongated precursor cells.
The mapping areas belong to different grains and samples.
The results of EBSD-mapping form all different grains and different samples is shown in fig. 7 a and b.