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Smoke is a colloid which comprises a collection of airborne solid and liquid particles, and gases emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of air that is entered or otherwise, mixed into the mass.
This work was supported by Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China, Research Foundation (No.
AISTC2008_16) from State Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing Ministry of Education, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and 985 Project of Cognitive and Neural Information Science, Wuhan University (No. 904273258).
Nam, "Fire detection based on vision sensor and support vector machines," Fire Safety Journal, Vol.44, pp.322-329, 2009

Acknowledgment This material is based upon work funded by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 1110086 and Programs Supported by Ningbo Natural Science Foundation under Grant No. 2011A610186 and 2011A610182.
[4] Liu, Hong-Wei; Chi, Lei; Wang, Yan-Ning; Dong, Jian, “Design and implementation of a fault injection system for 1553B fault-tolerant bus controller,” Harbin Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, v 41, n SUPPL. 1, p 90-93, July 2009

It causes need to improve design and budget business, to carry out construction according to the most progressive and economic projects; to provide in them advanced technologies, progressive constructive decisions, modern construction materials.
Also considers that the solution of these problems will be possible only after creation of applied science on providing qualities of air in the room and to risk management.
It is connected with degradation of properties of protecting designs over time and with application of new, more power effective construction materials.
Some principles of combustion of homogeneous fuel-air mixtures in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine // Journal of Engineering Physics. №59(6).
Some principles of combustion of homogeneous fuel-air mixtures in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine // Journal of Engineering Physics. №59(6).

The Growth Performance of Duckweed and Removal Rate of Nitrate and Phosphorus in Sewages with Different Processes Qingtao ZHANG1, a, Zhijian ZHANG1,2,b, Jiong MA1,＊,c and Jiao XIANG1,d 1 Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, PR China 2 Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China azhangqt@pkusz.edu.cn, bzhangzhijian.m811@qq.com, cmajiong@pkusz.edu.cn, dfpxj@163.com *Corresponding author.
Materials and methods Spirodela polyrrhiza was collected from an anoxic pond in Nanshan sewage treatment plant (NST) in Shenzhen, Guangdong province, China.
Samples from the media were analyzed for total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (NH4–N), total phosphorus (TP), phosphate–phosphorus (PO4–P) in the Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School using AA3 Continous Flow Analyzer (G-157-96, Bran-Luebbe Inc, Germany) with the AACE software.
JC201104210118A), the Shenzhen Science and Technologies Development Plan Program (JC201005280681A), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31270748).
Journal of Environmental Engineering-Asce 131(4): 587-594

Effect of Inhomogeneous Oxygen Distribution on Martensitic Transformation of b Phase in Ti-15at%Nb-1at%O Alloy Sengo Kobayashi1,a*, Mai Kobayashi2,b , Tomoya Nakae3,c and Satoshi Okano1,d 1Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan. 2Graduate student, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
Introduction Titanium alloys are used in various fields, such as aircraft materials, chemical plant materials, and biomaterials, because of their high specific strength, excellent corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility  [1–5].
The TEM experiment was conducted at the Division of Material Science Research Support, the Advanced Research Support Center (ADRES), Ehime University.
Takayama: Keikinzoku/Journal Japan Inst.

A detailed mathematical model for optimal selection of raw materials and fuels has been developed by other researchers [7].
MBM is prepared by post-treating (grinding and sterilizing) the waste materials associated with slaughtering operations.
Mulholland, Emissions study of co-firing waste carpet in a rotary kiln, Journal of Environmental Management. 70 (2004) 27–33
Palma-Oliveira, Emissions of metals and polychlorinated dibenzo(p)dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) from Portland cement manufacturing plants: Inter-kiln variability and dependence on fuel-types, Science of the Total Environment. 409 (2011) 4198-4205
Tokheim: The impact of staged combustion on the operation of a precalciner cement kiln, Ph.D. thesis, Telemark University College / Norwegian University of Technology and Science, Norway (1999).

In the 1986 soil improvement regulations of Japan, the charcoal was regarded as an outstanding material in terms of soil improvement material [29].
Materials In this study, peat and Mikania micrantha charcoal (MMC) was used as a substrate.
It is implied that MMC is a porous material with an adsorbable ability.
Harris: Interdisciplinary Science Reviews Vol. 24 (1999) p. 301
Zhou: Quarterly Journal of Forest Research Vol. 31 (2009), p. 55

Combining the numerical simulations and calibration on realistic materials, the plastic work can be estimated and the irreversible work can be easily calculated from the load-displacement curve.
The interfacial toughness can be estimated by treating the interface as a homogeneous material with the Young's modulus and hardness as composite parameters of the coating and substrate so that linear fracture mechanics for brittle materials can be applied.
Marshall et al [43] proposed a model to relate the toughness of brittle bulk materials to the depth where lateral cracks occur and the crack driving force Pr due to the residual stress during unloading.
McPherson, Materials Science Research, 14 (1981)619 16.
Evans Journal of Applied Physics, 56(1984) 2632 40.

Stankova 2,d 1 Department of Materials Forming, Faculty of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, VSBTechnical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic 2 Department of Material Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Czech Republic a jiri.kliber@vsb.cz, b ondrej.zacek@vsb.cz, c masekb@kmm.zcu.cz, dhstankov@kmm.zcu.cz Keywords: Transformation induced plasticity, carbon steel with Si, retained austenite, annealing, hot forming Abstract.
The present paper thus involves study of the austenitization temperature effects and holding times at these temperatures with subsequent forming of materials, straining in intercritical region and rapid cooling down to the area of bainite nose and holding at this temperature.
The objective of this paper is to identify optimum forming conditions with subsequent controlled cooling or optimum conditions of separate heat treatment to achieve a high ductility of materials.
Meyer: International Journal of Plasticity Vol.16 (2000), p. 1391
Kliber: 12 th International Metallurgical and Materials conference "METAL 2002".

Research Methods Materials The equipment used includes magnetic stirrers, hot plates, analytical balances, ultraviolet lamps, needles, autoclaves, ovens, bunsen lamps, and glassware.
The materials used were cinnamaldehyde (Merck), 2-acetylnaphthalene (Sigma Aldrich), KOH, ethanol (Supelco), ethyl acetate (Supelco), n-hexane (Supelco), GF254 TLC plate (Merck), nutrient agar (NA), nutrient broth (NB), aqua dest, 70% ethanol, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
Until the product is obtained, TLC is then carried out, by highlighting the starting materials, namely cinnamaldehyde and 2-acetylnaphthalene, as well as the product.
One of the syntheses was carried out using the starting materials cinnamaldehyde and 2-acetylnaphthalene but using a NaOH base catalyst and obtained a yield of 65-83%.
The Cinnamylideneacetophenone compound was synthesized using the starting materials cinnamaldehyde and 2-acetylnaphthalene, using a KOH base catalyst in ethanol/distilled water (50% v/v) at room temperature for 24 hours.