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[12] De Angelis, F., Multifield potentials and derivation of extremum principles in rate plasticity, Materials Science Forum, Vol. 539-543, pp. 2625-2630, (2007)
Journal for Multiscale Computational Engineering, Vol. 5, n. 2, pp. 105-116, (2007)
[15] Perzyna, P., The constitutive equations for rate sensitive materials, Quart.
[26] De Angelis, F., Computational aspects in the elasto/viscoplastic material behavior of solids, Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 567, pp. 192-199, (2012).[27] De Angelis, F., Numerical algorithms for J2 viscoplastic models, Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 567, pp. 267-274, (2012)
[30] De Angelis, F., Cancellara, D., Implications due to different loading programs in inelastic materials, Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 422, pp. 726-733, (2012)

The piezo-spectroscopic effect for polycrystalline materials can be expressed by the following equation: � � = � < � ij >
For randomly oriented polycrystalline materials, an average equi-biaxial or hydrostatic stress can be expressed as [8,9]: < � ij >= � � / a �
Given these complex and peculiar phase characteristics, phase metastability is the most relevant problem in zirconia materials.
This well explains the superior fracture resistance of bones as compared to synthetic hydroxyapatite materials produced by conventional sintering processes.
The quantitative knowledge of microscopic stress fields may enable replacing the empirical optimization of biomaterials processing and employment with more rational procedures, thus greatly enhancing the speed for the development of new materials, including their better utilization, in this important field of materials science.

The higher amount of cobalt-containing improves high-temperature performance of the material, the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity.
Schematic of high-speed milling experiments Workpiece Material.
The workpiece material used in the experiment was ASSAB PM60 SuperClean from ASSAB Tooling (Dongguan) Co.
He, High Speed Cutting Technology, Shanghai Science and Technology Press, China ,2012
Optimization of dry cutting parameters based on cutting force and surface roughness, Journal of southwest university (natural science edition).12 (2014) 187–192

Speckle pattern characterisation for high resolution digital image correlation G Crammond1, a, S W Boyd1 and J.M Dulieu-Barton1 1University of Southampton, School of Engineering Sciences, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK agc305@soton.ac.uk Keywords: Speckle pattern, Digital Image Correlation Abstract Digital image correlation (DIC) is an optical technique for full field deformation measurement.
Speckle pattern Speckle patterns were painted on a flat plate of glass fibre epoxy composite material, which was sanded smooth to remove any effects from the substrate texture on quality of the applied patterns.
Shang: Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol.13-14 (2008), p. 65 [3] J.
Guilford: Biophysical Journal, Vol.81 (2001), p. 2378-2388

Shell structures, like other types of structures, are usually susceptible to various types of defects and damages such as initiation and propagation of cracks, corrosion, chemical attack and time-dependent material degradation, which impair their structural soundness.
H. and Vaziri A., Instability of cylindrical shells with single and multiple cracks under axial compression, Thin-Walled Structures 54, pp. 35–43 (2012) [8] Allahbakhsh H. and Shariati M., Buckling of Cracked Laminated Composite Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Combined Loading, International Journal for the Science and Application of Composite Materials 19 (2012) [9] Allahbakhsh H. and Shariati M., Instability of cracked CFRP composite cylindrical shells under combined loading, Thin-Walled Structures 74, pp. 28–35 (2014) [10] Tafreshi A. and Bailey C.

Sulaiman1, b, Anita Ramli2, c 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia 2Department of Fundamental and Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia fiseham2002@yahoo.coma, shaharin@petronas.com.myb, anita_ramli@petronas.com.myc Keywords: Hydrogen, gasification, oil palm frond, gasifying inlet air, syngas, gasifying temperature Abstract.
Methodology Material and Experimental Setup.
West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials., 2002
Pis, et al., "Application of response surface methodology to assess the combined effect of operating variables on high-pressure coal gasification for H2-rich gas production," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 35, pp. 1191-1204, 2010

Residual Stresses in Locally Long Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Parts Shaochun Sun1,a, Zhiyuan Chen1,b, Qiang Wu2,c, Dexin Ma2, Yutao Zhao1 1School of Material Science and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China 2Foundry Institute, RWTH Aachen University, 52072 Aachen, Germany assc@ujs.edu.cn, bchenzhiyuanxy@163.com, cq.wu@gi.rwth-aachen.de Keywords: Aluminum Matrix Composites, Long Fiber, Residual Stresses.
For the measure of residual stresses in the samples the important parameters are respectively the type of X-ray and the interference lines of crystal planes {hkl} of the measured material.
Then the residual stress in the material can be calculated by analyzing the difference of D and the standard distance of this crystal lattice D0 in the direction of measure angle ψ [7].
Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University 35 (2001) no.3, Pp. 367-370

Improved Electrical Properties and Thermal Stability of GeON Gate Dielectrics formed by Plasma Nitridation of Ultrathin Oxides on Ge(100) Heiji Watanabea, Katsuhiro Kutsuki, Iori Hideshima, Gaku Okamoto, Takuji Hosoi and Takayoshi Shimura Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan aemail: watanabe@mls.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp Keywords: germanium, MOS, gate dielectric, oxynitride, plasma nitridation Abstract.
Introduction As Si-based metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices are now reaching physical limitations that impede the enhancement of transistor performance, germanium (Ge) has attracted widespread attention as an advanced channel material due to its higher hole and electron mobility [1,2].
Among various gate dielectric candidates for Ge-MOS devices, germanium oxide (GeO2) is known as a fundamental material for gate dielectrics and as a buffer layer between modern high-permittivity (high-k) dielectrics and Ge substrates.
Watanabe, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (accepted)

Visual evaluation of dust below 1 g/m2 is already difficult because the structure of galvanized sheet creates masking background for light dust. 2,2 g/m2 4,5 g/m2 9,0 g/m2 Figure 1 – Ethalon 2,2; 4,5 a 9,0 g/m2; ground coffee material, particles 15 to 40 µm, median 25 µm 2,2 g/m2 4,5 g/m2 9,0 g/m2 Figure 1 – Ethalon 2,2; 4,5 a 9,0 g/m2; flour material; particles 4 to 6 µm, median 5 µm Figure 3 - Examples of samples of solid particles which can be identified at a magnification of 1: 100 to 1: 150 Sawdust metallic (left), wooden (right) Pollen (left), sand (right) Insulation fiber (left) elastomer - rubber (right) Results Currently, the verification measurement of dust deposits is under way on a number of completed buildings in Brno.
The material of distribution, or greasy of surfaces and therefore the prone to snapping dust, but also technology, which is pipe-processed (grinding tools are a great source of impurities) have great influence on the amount of particles in the pipelines.
Indoor Air, 12: 191–197. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0668.2002.01119.x [7] Holopainen, R.; Dust in ventilation ducts: accumulation, measurement and removal; Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science in Technology; Helsinki University of Technology, 2004; ISBN 951-22-6976-7 (PDF format) [8] Holopainen, R.; The Field Comparison of Three Measuring Techniques for Evaluation of the Surface Dust Level in Ventilation Ducts. 
Indoor Air: International Journal of Indoor Air Quality and Climate.

On the basis of that exact solution optimize the electromagnetic performance and material consumption to get the best solution.
The material and shape of permanent magnet are the factors that have effect on the performance of permanent magnet synchronous motor.
At the same time iron loss will increase and efficiency is down, and material utilization is reduced, so the overall performance of the motor will be affected [6].
Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 2004, Vol. 22(3), p. 355-359 [3] Wang Xiuhe, in: YONG CI DIAN JI, edited by Qi Wei, chapter 8, Beijing: China Electric Power Press (2007)
Science&Technology Information, 2011, Vol. 36(1), p. 82-83 [6] P.Salminen, J.Pyrhönen, M.Niemelä: A Comparison between Surface Magnets and Embedded Magnets in Fractional Slot Wound PM Motors.