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The moment at which necking at this node occurs can be estimated by the time at which the second derivative of the thickness reduction reaches a maximum (see Fig. 4).
It can be observed that the acceleration of thickness reduction reaches its maximum value at a time equal to 345.5 s (step 60) (see Fig. 4c).
Figure 4: a) Thickness reduction history data of the node of interest indicated in Fig. 2b, b) first derivative of thickness reduction history data and c) second derivative Figure 5: a) Part geometry at two forming stages (step 40 and 60), b) Circumferential (parallel to the tool movement direction) and radial strains (perpendicular to this feed direction) of the node of interest indicated in Fig. 2b Figure 6: a) X is the projected length of the contact zone which can be experimentally determined by: X=r( sinγ+sin β) where r is a tool radius, β and γ angles are the forming angle and the angle between the tool axis and the last contact point for the measured profile respectively, b) Simulated size of the contact zone calculated from the FE submodelling technique (1.2 mm thick AA3003-O alloy, scallop height: 18.5µm, tool diameter: 10 mm), and c) Simulated size of the contact zone using coarse mesh.
The selection of 20 mm “forward offset”, results in a reduction of the maximum forming temperature from 300 °C to about 140 °C.
This reduction in the forming forces is due to the stress relief annealing and removal of the effects of strain hardening on the SPIF parts.

The coding model of proposed vocoder is built on the MELP, in which bit rate reduction is achieved by taking advantage of PLVQ and TSM techniques.
With our speech data base, PLVQ can save up to 4 bits/frame compared to unstructured codebook MSVQ.
The speech data is taken from the TIMIT database, and down-sampled to 8 kHz.
Conclusion We present a low bit rate speech coder around 1.1 kbps, the coding model is built on MELP, but bit rate reduction is achieved by taking advantage of PLVQ and TSM techniques.

Numerical simulations allow for a reduction of the number of experiments needed to obtain appropriate design of ballistic protection, but they require verified modeling approaches and proper material data.
Therefore, different modelling approaches for both parts of the composite sandwich have been tested and possibilities to adjust these models to experimental data were investigated.
This paper presents our progress with the strike face and back face simulations and brieflyelaborates on the obtainedexperimental data.
Experimental data of the aramid back face allowed the creation of a numerical model for the description of a bullet impact through the back face.

In pipeline leak detection, collected fault signal will inevitably influenced by all kinds of industrial noise, sometimes even the useful signals submerged by the noise, so before data analysis, we shall be carried out in a first filtering processing.
The experimental data shows that Kalman filter is an efficient recursive filter, it can estimate the states of the dynamic system from a series of contains noise measurement.
The program diagram of realizing kalman filtering algorithm On the front panel of a data processing module of kalman filter, it is placed two windows to display waveform, respectively used to display the original pressure signal and the pressure signal with kalman filter processing, as shown in figure 3,4.
The pressure signal with kalman filter processing From the diagrams above, we can be seen that the data becomes smooth clearly compared with the original data after processing with the kalman filter, and the filtering effect is obvious.
Advanced Digital Signal Processing and Noise Reduction, Electronic industry press, 135-140.

And the wastewater quantity is an important basic data in solving this problem.
Generally the original time series data often presents a discrete, stochastic, and it is difficult to use mathematical model to represent[2].
The generation of the grey system theory with different processing, can make the generate data index obviously.
Both reduced the randomness of the original data, and provide a intermediate information modeling, making it possible to predict the system[3].
; (6) So the accumulated generating data matrix B and Y are as follows: ，

The reduction of the velocity, the consequently absorbed energy, and the post-mortem failure modes were analysed to understand the ballistic resistance of the fabric structures studied.
Figure 3: Snapshots at different times (in μs) during the impact event (a), post-mortem failure patterns of nine different tests on weave fabrics with different architectures and orientations (b), and velocity reduction obtained from these experiments (c) Numerical model and validation A finite element model of the single Twaron® yarn was first constructed.
The fabric finite element model was verified against the experimental data by simulating the ballistic impact with identical striking velocities.
Fig. 11 shows the different combinations analysed and the obtained reduction of velocity after an impact in the 90-105 m/s range.
At the striking velocity of 105 m/s, the projectile velocity reduction is simulated to be dV=19.64 m/s, with the specific energy loss at 18 mJ/gsm.

Result obtain was compared with past experiment data.
Introduction In order to ensure better fuel economy, reduction of noise pollution and instability on a moving vehicle, a proper understanding of shape design for vehicles must be done to lower the lift coefficient and the drag coefficient of a vehicle.
Figure 3.4 : Comparisons of lift and drag coefficient for the three designated design at velocity of 34 m/s Summary The possibility of substantial drag reduction is by understanding the proper treatment for inlet of front grill and comparing it to the flow under the body.

The results obtained were compared to the experimental data of Seri et al. (2014).
Sano, A note on the drag reduction for a circular cylinder due to double rows of holes, Fluid Dyn.
Yajima and O.Sano, A note on the drag reduction for a circular cylinder due to double rows of holes, Fluid Dyn.

The two-year period data (2021 and 2022 G.C.) frequency of interruption and duration of interruption data have been collected from the EEU recorded data center for all Jigjiga 33 kV and 15 kV distribution feeders.
The value of historical assessments lies in their foundation on actual data frequently gathered by energy providers.
/ca. year From the data evaluation above: ü The reliability of the distribution feeder does not satisfy the requirements set by the Ethiopian Electric Agency (EEA) standard.
Basic reliability data of Wuchale feeder Load points Outage frequency (Int.
Data Availability Statement Data can be obtained by requesting the authors' consent through Gmail.

Ft_Vel=1t0i=2kFti-Fti-1 (3) In Eq.3, k indicates the number of data points in the period of t0.
Fr_STDEV=1ni=1n(Fti-Ft)2+(Fpi-Fp)2 (4) Fr_Vel=1t0j=2m(Ftj-Ftj-1)2+(Fpj-Fpj-1)2 (5) In Eq.4, n means the number of data points during the whole sampling period; while in Eq.5 m indicates the number of data points in the period of t0.
To recognize the pattern of workpiece material with BPNN, the training knowledge data base is necessary, which comprised of the input and target data.
Seven different spindle speeds are involved in the experiments which makes the target data a 256×7 matrix.
Therefore the target data set is a 256×6 matrix.