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Table 1 the proportion added in the test(mass percent ) number 1 2 3 4 5 6 Proportion of Ni（/Wt％） 1.57 3.93 6.29 7.86 10.2 15.7 Test result External appearance observed by the naked eye.The proportion of Ni added in the No.1 to No.4 welding rod is between 1.57％～7.86％.
Table2 Inspection results by the intelligent micromagnet crack inspection machine number 1 2 3 4 5 6 result good good good cracks cracks cracks Mechanical property test.The welding outcomes are made into standard tension test sample following GB/T2649－1989 standard rate for the purpose of inspecting tension of the welding joint by universal testing machine.
In the later phase of crystallizing when there are more solid crystal grains, the low melting ingredients in the grain boundary are still in the process of solidification spreading over the grains in the state of fluid film cutting off the connection between some grains.
Under the tension stress by the cooling shrinkage, these fragile fluid films cannot stand the stress and form cracks in the grain boundary.

Here 8 is the number of formula units in a unit cell, N is the Avogadro’s number, M is the molecular weight of the one formula unit and V is the volume of the unit cell.
The inhomogeneous structure of ferrites consists of conducting grains and poorly conducting grain boundaries [11].
Moreover, the electrical conductivity of ferrite ceramics is directly proportional to the grain size and density [14].
The increase of sintering temperature caused the coalescence of grains which resulted decrease of grain boundary area and the porosity.

The information available from the effects of grain boundaries on eddy-current measurements are summarized.
By being able to measure very close to the true bulk lifetime on samples as they exist in the factory, it is possible to measure a large number of samples, in some cases every brick or ingot produced.
With illumination, the grain-boundary potential barriers disappear and the actual dark conductance due to doping is fully detected.
Grain boundary potential barriers can be overcome by moderate heating, as is the behavior shown here.
The data on the right indicates that the bump has the temperature dependence consistent with grain-boundary potentials.

The reason for the hardness increase is mainly attributed to the grain refinement strengthening in SZ.
A large number of dimples with different size are observed on each fracture surface, indicating that ductile fracture takes place on these specimens.
Compared with BM, the grain structures in the SZ are greatly refined after FSW.
The grains in the TMAZ are elongated, which creates an obvious interface between the SZ and TMAZ at AS. 3.
Due to grain refinement, micro-hardness of SZ is higher than that of BM.

After HIP, the near gamma microstructure showed an average γ-TiAl grains of approximately 6µm..
For small particles, the reduce of atomics diffusion ability slows down the nucleation velocity, that means nucleation numbers decreasing in unit volume per unit time, as the solid-liquid interface quickly transformed resulting in the growth of the cell size.
Particle size O N 150-250μm 620 150 105-150μm 750 140 63-105μm 940 130 37-63μm 1000 140 ＜37μm 1200 140 a b c d γ а2 а2 γ Fig. 4 (a) as-HIP microstructure of PM TiAl based alloy, (b) enlarge picture, (c)equiaxied grains, (d) lamellar grains.
Fig 4c and 4d are the TEM images of equiaxedγ grains, irregularityα2 phase grains, and α2 +γ lamellar colony, the average lamellar thickness is about 90nm.
After HIP, the near gamma microstructure has an average γ-TiAl grain of about 6µm.

Modified by antimony, acicular silicon will change into grain shape , while dendritic αmatrix will grow thinner.
A great number of works concerning the mechanism of Sb modification have been done.
Compared with raw Al-Si alloys, the numbers of α-Al obviously increases and the dendritic crystal gets richer, thinner and denser.
Sample 2 gets the smallestΔWmax namely the smallest nucleation supercooling which provides positive condition to nucleating with fine grain.
Grain.Light Alloy Fabrication Technology, 1997,(5):1-3.

Because of the great number of older aircrafts flying nowadays, problems related to fatigue, corrosion, corrosion-fatigue, stress corrosion cracking and wear are also expected to occur [3, 4].
Fig. 4 presents the SN curves (stress vs. number of cycles) for the base metal, original welded joint (OR) and repair welded joints (1R, 2R, 3R and 4R).
The 3R application have tempered the martensite of the WM and coarse grain HAZ at the toe of the original welded joint, but it reduced the fatigue strength once again, staying close to 1R.
However, from 3R and 4R conditions one can observe an increase in the grain size and a microstructure constituted by martensite-austenite-carbide (MAC), aligned and non-aligned, in the CGHAZ.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to FAPESP, grant number 2008/56424-5, and CNPq, grant number 310038/2010-3.

Introduction The volume of wastewater formation at enterprises and the number of harmful components contained there define the requirements for clearing methods.
Finally, they should be of low cost, and the sorption capacity after regeneration should vary insignificantly and provide a large number of work cycles.
Comparative analysis of sorbents Index Brand of anionite MSh AB -17-8 Highest grade AB-17-8 1st grade AB-17-8C Highest grade AB-17-8C 1st grade Appearance Spherical grains from light yellow to dark brown Black grains with uneven white coating Granulometric composition [mm] 0.315-1.25 0.315-1.25 0.4-1.25 0.4-1.25 0.8-4 Volume fraction of working fraction [%] 95 93 95 94 97 Moisture content [%] 35-50 35-50 - - 4.63 Effective grain size [mm] 0.4-0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8-4 The obtained analysis gave only an objective assessment, it is necessary to study in more detail the main properties of modified shungite sorbents.
Silica grains are not isolated from one another in the carbon matrix.
The grains of shungite matter consist of blocks with a characteristic size of 200 to 500 nm.

The role of recovery is illustrated by plotting the stored energy evolution in unrecrystallized grains as a function of time in Figure 3(b).
Figure 3(b) also shows the evolution of the Zener drag which captures the effect of precipitation on the growth of recrystallizing grains.
Finally, Figure 3(c) illustrates the predicted evolution of grain boundary mobility with holding time.
This behavior is the result of a number of complex interactions.
The reason is that dislocation pinning depends on the number density of precipitates.

Table 1 Chemical compositions of SPCC steels used (mass %) Number C Si Mn P S Alt ALs Ca RE 1# 0.044 0.013 0.14 0.008 0.007 0.025 0.023 0.0018 0 2# 0.037 0.014 0.14 0.014 0.005 0.031 0.027 0.008 0.012 Accelerated corrosion test.
By comparison, the grain size of 1# sample is larger than that of 2#, and 1# specimen shows more homogeneous than 2# specimen.
The result could be to the reason that the grain size is much finer with the function of the rare earth for SPCC steel in CSP.
With the addition of RE, these imbalance between different ferrite grain boundary decreases, and the electrochemical corrosion trend also decreases.
Fig.1 Metallographic structure During the test process, primary cells will be formed between the inclusions and crystalline grains.