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Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that the grains size diminished and then increases as a function of Eu-doping concentration addition.
This grain size increment agrees with previous reports of Eu doped metallic oxides such as SrTiO3:Eu [7,8,9].
In addition, the diminish in grain size could decrease the specific surface area of the grains has been reported to enhance the photoluminescence intensity of Eu-doped phosphors [7].
Fig. 3 SEM images of a) BAL b) BAL1 c) BAL3 d) BAL5 e) BAL7 f) the plot of the average grain size with increase in concentration of Eu.
R ≈ 2 3V4πX N 13 (2) Where N is the number of cations in the unit cell.

This hypothesis comes from the fact that the critical resolved shear stress for twinning depends on the number of active twinning systems: it is the lowest when only one twinning system is active.
Simulations Simulations were performed in tension and compression conditions for grain orientations inside the standard triangle.
The present simulations are also performed in particular conditions such that only one twinning system is allowed among the 12 possible systems, which leads to a total number of 13 systems.
This agrees with the experimental observations [5,6], which point out that, in grains of a polycrystal, mechanical twinning occurs in just one system, during a relatively large deformation stage.
The present results states that, in most cases of grain orientation, twining becomes initially active in just one system.

White matrix was austenite after stretching, the distribution of the grain boundaries within and across the thin strip of black material was the twinning sub-microstructures[8].
Twin boundaries helped to increase the number of other grain boundaries, which disconnected effectively random grain boundary connectivity to make the process of material fracture and the crack could not continue to expand random along the grain boundaries, resulting in improving material fracture toughness and the TWIP steel properties.
However, in Fe-C alloy austenite can be stable at room temperature even in the low temperature by adding a sufficient number of elements of expanding γ phase range.
After tensile test, a large number of parallel deformation twins were found everywhere in the samples and it was consistent to the mechanism[9] of TWIP effect.
In other words, the high elongation of TWIP steel come from the formation of deformation twins in the deformation process and it was not obvious with the relationship of the number of annealing twins.

It has been applied to a number of machining processes, such as turning, drilling, grinding and polishing.
It has been applied to a number of processes from turning, drilling to grinding and polishing, which has shown the advantage of machining some hard and crisp materials [1, 2].
Lu [3] performed the magnetic abrasive finishing process by vibrating the magnetic head with high frequency, which transmitted vertical ultrasonic vibration to the magnetic abrasive grain around itself.
The electromagnetic coil was encircled around the polishing pole to form the magnetic head, which can generate the magnetic field and absorb the magnetic abrasive grain around the pole end.
In the MAF process, the proper vertical ultrasonic vibration amplitude of the polishing pole can enhance flowing of the magnetic abrasive grain and sharpen the grain blade, then improve the finishing efficiency.

After 3 gpa pressure treatment, the organization of LC4 aluminum alloy refinement, the second phase number also decreased significantly. 3Gpa treat 40μm 40μm Annealing Fig.1 Microstructures of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy 3Gpa treated Annealing Indentation creep Figure 2 shows the nanoindentation load-displacement curve of LC4 aluminum alloys before and after treatment at 3GPa pressure.It can be seen that under the same load, the indentation depth of the alloy is shallower after high pressure treatment than before the high pressure processing, plastic deformation resistance is increased.
This shows that 3GPa pressure treatment can improve the room temperature creep resistance of LC4 alloy.This is due to the creep of metal materials mainly by dislocation glide and grain boundary sliding two ways[8],the room temperature creep is mainly caused by the intracrystalline dislocation glide[9], the grain boundary is an obstacle to the dislocation slip, the more grain boundary, the greater the resistance of dislocation motion, creep of material is not easy to happen.
In addition, the greater the hardness of the material, the greater the dislocation movement of resistance, the resistance to creep ability is stronger. 3 gpa pressure treatment can refine the LC4 aluminum alloy’s organization, increase the number of grain boundary and the hardness value, at the same time, after3 gpa pressure treatment, the number of the second phase decrease, Some solute atoms (such as zinc, Cu, Mg, etc.) is dissolved in Al matrix solid solution, because the solute atoms with Al diameter is different, the crystal lattice distortion and stress field are formed around solute atoms.The stress field and the stress field of dislocations interact, so that dislocation motion is ■-Annealing ▲-3Gpa teated Creep/nm Time/s (a) ■-Annealing ▲-3Gpa treated Load/μN Creep/nm (b) (a) Relationship between hold time and creep deformation(at 1500μN); (b) Relationship between applied load and creep deformation(for 10s) Fig.3 Relationship between applied load or hold time

The grain sizes were measured on the samples from the various positions of the wheel hub body.
It is found that the grain size expressed with the secant length is different from place to place in the hub.
The finest grains are located in wheel core, as seen in Table 2.
(a) Before forging (as cast) (b) After forging Figs. 3 Microstructure of AZ80 before (a) and after (b) forging Table 2 Grain size in different position in the hub Positions Secant length/μm Grain Grade, G Rim 50 5.4±0.5 flange 39 6.0±0.6 Spoke 30 6.8±0.4 core 27 7.2±0.6 Corrosion fatigue.
It is clearly seen that the supper-plastic mould forged AZ80 behaves adequate fatigue resistance and again in the saline water the samples show a nearly linear relation between stress amplitude and fracture numbers.

Materials and Methods of Probe Thermochemical treatment (HTO) of parts from steel 20H2N4A on the known technologies showed that the reason of decrease in durability and durability of products is the coarse-grained structure of steel (tab. 1).
By researches of tendency different steel to growth of grain at heating [10] it is established that in the steel 12HN3A and 20H2N4A the intensive growth of grain is observed at a temperature of 910°C (fig. 1).
At low-temperature cementation the fine-grained structure in steel forms and remains that receiving is promoted in the strengthened martensite layer by 4-5 points, residual austenite 1-2 points and carbides 1-2 points (fig. 2).
Temperature dependence of growth of grain in different the steel Fig. 2.
The temperature dependence of growth of grain when heating in the steel 12HN3A and 20H2N4A which allows to prove technology of thermal treatment of parts is established. 3.

A large number of carbides appear at the grain boundaries and grain interiors.
It can be seen from the figures that austenitization (B stage) decreases the number of carbides remarkably at the surface layer.
From a comparison between the optical micrographs and the X-ray diffraction pattern, it can be said that the big (white) carbides are primary carbides of M7C3 type, and the small white carbides at the grain boundaries and the grain interiors are secondary M7C3 carbides [3].
Fig. 3 Changes in the number of carbides at each stage.
Number of carbide / mm2 x10 5 ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� A B C D E Surface Number of carbide / mm2 x 105 ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� A B C D E Interior Fig. 5 GDS analysis result after CD carburization and austenitization of SKD11 steel.

The main idea of the granular computing is by selecting the suitable grain size to find the problem of a kind of good, the approximate solution, and reduces the complexity of the problem solving.
At present, the grain of the types of calculation model for fuzzy sets model, the rough set model, theory of quotient space model, the granular computing model based on covering, rough fuzzy set model and fuzzy rough set model, etc.
Call equivalence relation knowledge, said R particles generated equivalence class as the basic knowledge, and called the quotient set of domain U R - grain of division.
Frequency is 1000 Hz, EEG acquisition in this paper, a cycle sampling frequency is calculated, by using clustering analysis method used in this article, the following table shows the original signal, the number of clustering and frequency domain signals.
Table 1 Clustering signals different table Original signal frequency domain signals clustering 1 1000 50 33 2 1000 50 26 3 1000 50 41 4 1000 50 36 Show as table 1, use the method defined in this paper, the number of feature is smaller than others.

Fig 2(a) is at the temperature of 800℃, the average seize of diamond film at the surface is 8.56μm, the distribution of diamond grains is uniform, while the deposited speed is lower.
Apparently the competitive growth is serious during the deposition, and the different seizes of grains at the surface are observed.
(a) 800℃ (b) 900℃ (c) 1000℃ Fig.2 SEM of diamond films at different substrate temperatures number(cm-1) Intensity(a.u.)
Therefore, the growth rate of diamond films is slower at the lower temperature; the grain sizes of diamond films are also decreased.
Fig.5 The boundary layer of the plasma jet (through the color glass) Conclusion The growth rate and grain sizes improved with the substrate temperature increased.