Optimization of Coating Thickness in a Tangential Fluidized Bed

Abstract:

The focal intention of this research was to investigate the factors influencing the coating thickness of urea granule by using modified biopolymer which performed in a tangential fluidized bed. The effects of inlet air temperature, disc rotation speed and spraying rate on coating thickness of urea granule were investigated. In this study, the results showed that the significant process parameters which effect the coating thickness was spraying rate (58.585%), followed by disc rotation speed (21.579%) and inlet air temperature (18.883%). The optimized process parameters in this work were 40⁰C for inlet air temperature, 40 rpm for disc rotation speed and 2 rpm for spraying rate. The confirmation run for this work had verified the conclusion from the variance analysis.

• Periodical: Applied Mechanics and Materials (Volume 625)
• Pages: 131-135
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.625.131
• Online since: September 2014
• Authors: Ku Zilati Ku Shaari, Luqman Hakim Hassan, Zakaria Man
• Keywords: Coating Particle, Fluidized Bed, Taguchi Method, Thickness

References

[1] J.W. Erisman, A. Bleeker, J. Galloway and M.S. Sutton, Reduced nitrogen in ecology and the environment, Environmental Pollution, 150 (2007) 140-149.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.033

[2] R. C. Rowe, Film/tablet adhesion, film thickness, internal stresses and bridging of the intagliations—A unified model with practical implications, European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 30 (3–4) (2007) 236–239.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2006.11.005

[3] J. Singha, A. Kunhikrishnanb, N.S. Bolanc, and S. Saggard, Impact of urease inhibitor on ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from temperate pasture soil cores receiving urea fertilizer and cattle urine, Science of The Total Environment, In Press, (2013).

DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.018

[4] M. M. S. Choi and A. Meisen, Sulfur coating of urea in shallow spouted beds, Chemical Engineering Science 52 (1997) 1073–1086.

DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2509(96)00377-6

[5] B. S. Ko,Y.S. Cho and H. K. Rhee, Controlled Release of Urea from Rosin-Coated Fertilizer Particles, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 35 (1996) 250-257.

DOI: 10.1021/ie950162h

[6] A. A. Ibrahim and B. Y. Jibril, Controlled Release of Paraffin Wax/Rosin-Coated Fertilizers, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44 (2005) 2288-2291.

DOI: 10.1021/ie048853d

[7] M. Vashishtha, P. Dongara and D. Singh, Improvement in Properties of Urea by Phosphogypsum Coating, International Journal of ChemTech Research 2 (1) (2010) 36-44.

[8] J. Ge, R. Wu, X. Shi, H. Yu, M. Wang and W. Li, Biodegradable Polyurethane Materials from Bark and Starch. II. Coating Material for Controlled-Release Fertilizer, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 86 (2002) 2948–2952.

DOI: 10.1002/app.11211

[9] N. Tudorachi, C.N. Cascaval, M. Rusu , M. Pruteanu, Testing of polyvinyl alcohol and starch mixtures as biodegradable polymeric materials, Polymer Testing, 19 (2000) 785–799.

DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9418(99)00049-5

[10] E. Chiellini, A. Corti and R. Solaro, Biodegradation of poly (vinyl alcohol) based blown films under different environmental conditions, Polymer Degradation and Stability 64 (1999) 305-312.

DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(98)00206-7

[11] X. Hana, S. Chena and X. Hu, Controlled-release fertilizer encapsulated by starch/polyvinyl alcohol coating, Desalination 240 (2009) 21-26.

DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2008.01.047

[12] M. P. Filho, S. C. S. Rocha, and A. C. L. Lisboa, Modeling and experimental analysis of polydispersed particles coating in spouted bed, Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 45 (2006) 965–972.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2006.02.008

[13] Y. Chen, J. Yang, A. Mujumdar, and R. Dave, Fluidized bed film coating of cohesive Geldart group C powders, Powder Technology 189 (2009) 466–480.

DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2008.08.002

[14] G. S. da Rosa, S. C. dos S. Rocha, Effect of process conditions on particle growth for spouted bed coating of urea, Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 49 (2010) 836–842.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2010.06.005

[15] Information on http: /www. dipharma. com/TC_20050401_20. pdf.

[16] L. Fries, S. Antonyuk, S. Heinrich, and S. Palzer, DEM-CFD modeling of a fluidized bed spray granulator, Chemical Engineering Science 66 (2011) 2340-2355.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2011.02.038

[17] A. Palamanita, S. Soponronnarita, S. Prachayawarakornb, and P. Tungtrakulc, Effects of inlet air temperature and spray rate of coating solution on quality attributes of turmeric extract coated rice using top-spray fluidized bed coating technique, Journal of Food Engineering 114 (2013).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.07.014

[18] R. Lan, Y. Liu, G. Wang, T. Wang, C. Kan, and Y. Jin, Experimental modeling of polymer latex spray coating for producing controlled-release urea, Particuology 9 (2011) 510-516.

DOI: 10.1016/j.partic.2011.01.004

[19] S. Srivastava, and G. Mishra, Fluid Bed Technology: Overview and Parameters for Process Selection, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2 (2010) 236-246.

[20] F. Ronsse, J. Depelchin, and J. G. Pieters, Particle surface moisture content estimation using population balance modeling in fluidised bed agglomeration, Journal of Food Engineering 109 (2012) 347-357.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.11.023

[21] L. Jusin and O. Antikainen, P. Merkku, and J. Yliruusi, Droplet size measurement: Effect of three independent variables on droplet size distribution and spray angle from a pneumatic nozzle, International Journal of Pharmaceutical 123 (1995).

DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(95)00081-s

[22] S. Obara and J.W. McGinity, Influence of processing variables on the properties of free films prepared from aqueous polymeric dispersions by a spray technique, International Journal of Pharmaceutics 126 (1995) 1-10.

DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(95)04057-9

[23] M.H. Shi, H. Wang and Y.L. Hao, Experimental investigation of the heat and mass transfer in a centrifugal fluidized bed dryer, Chemical Engineering Journal 78 (2000) 107–113.

DOI: 10.1016/s1385-8947(00)00148-0

[24] Q. Huang, H. Zahng, and J. Zhu, Onset of An Innovative Gasless Fluidized Bed — Comparative Study on the Fluidization of Fine Powders in a Rotating Drum and a Traditional Fluidized Bed, Chemical Engineering Science 65 (2010) 1261-1273.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.09.083

[25] H. Nakamura, and S. Watano, Numerical modeling of particle fluidization behavior in a rotating fluidized bed, Powder Technology 171 (2007) 106–117.

DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2006.08.021

[26] N. Poukavoos and G. E. Peck, Effect of aqueous film condition on water removal efficiency and physical properties of coated tablet cores containing superdisintegrants, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 20 (1994) 1535-1554.

DOI: 10.3109/03639049409050196

[27] R. Mirja, Studies on Aqueous Film Coating of Tablets Performed in a Side-Vented Pan Coater, (2003).

[28] S. C. Porter, R. P. Verseput and C. R. Cunningham, Process optimization using design of experiments, Pharmaceutical Technology 21 (1007) 60-70.

[29] B. D. Rege, J. Gawel, and H. J. Kou, Identification of critical process variables for coating actives onto tablets via statistically designed experiments, International Journal of Pharmaceutics 237 (2002) 87-94.

DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00037-6

[30] K. E. Wilson, and E. Crossman, The influence of tablet shape and pan speed on intra-tablet film coating uniformity, Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 23 (1997) 1239-1243.

DOI: 10.3109/03639049709146164

[31] R. Pisek, O. Planinsek, M. Tus, and S. Srcic, Influence of Rotational Speed and Surface of Rotating Disc on Pellets Produced by Direct Rotor Pelletization, Pharmazeutische Industrie 62 (2000) 312-319.

[32] P. J. Ross, Taguchi Techniques for Quality Engineering, McGraw-Hill International Editions, (1996).

[33] A. Sarwono, Z. Man, and M. A. Bustam, Improvement of hydrophobicity of urea modified tapioca starch film with lignin for slow release fertilizer, Advanced Materials Research 626 (2013) 350-354.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.350

[34] Nienow A.W. and Rowe P.N., Particulate Growth and Coating in a Gas-Fluidized Bed, In; Fluidization, (Davidson J.F., Cliff R. and Harrison D., eds), Chap. 17, Academic Press, London, (1985).

[35] Davies W.L. and Gloor Jr. W.T., Batch Production of Pharmaceutical Granulation in Fluidized Bed I: Effects of Process Variables on Physical Properties of Final Granulation, J. Pharm. Sci. 60 (1971) 1869-1874.

DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600601224

[36] F. L. Laksmana, P. J. A. Hartman Kok, H. Vromans, H. W. Frijlink, and K. Van der Voort Maarschalk, Development and Application of a Process Window for Achieving High-Quality Coating in a Fluidized Bed Coating Process, AAPS PharmSciTech. 10 (3) (2009).

DOI: 10.1208/s12249-009-9250-1

[37] J. Bouffard, H. Dumontb, F. Bertrand and R. Legros, Optimization and scale-up of a fluid bed tangential spray rotogranulation process, International Journal of Pharmaceutics 335 (2007) 54–62.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.11.022