Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 747

Abstract: Culture conditions are very important to CO₂ bio-fixation related with the CO₂ removal efficiency through biological process by microalgae photosynthesis activities. The aim of the research was to study how high CO₂ utilization efficiency could reach in mix culture that supplied high CO₂ concentration (2%, 5%, and 7%) continuously from the bottom of photobioreactor. The mix microalgae culture containing of Chlorella sp, Scenedesmus obliquus and Ankistrodemus sp. were cultivated in photobioreactor with various environmental treatments i.e light intensities, light periodism and temperatures whereas the fixed CO₂ gas flow rate of 8 L.min^-1. The results showed that microalgae growth was best at light intensity of 4000 lux for 16/8 hours light/darkness cycling, 30°C and 5% CO₂ supplied, indicated by the highest dried biomass (g.L^-1), the highest Carbon content was g.d^-1 and highest CO₂ removal efficiency (%) that were 2.7, 11.9, 49, respectively. However the highest CO₂ utilization efficiency for bio-fixation phenomenon was obtained from culture that supplied by 2% CO₂ concentration, the value was almost 2 fold than 5% CO₂ supplied and 4 fold than 7% CO₂ concentration supplied, respectively. Biological fixation of CO₂ are greatly affected by the characteristics of the microalgae strains and their tolerance to environmental conditions.

Abstract: Low-carbon community (LCC) has recently attracted attention of many researchers and tackled the government attention from various countries, which ones may give different interpretations on the concept. Thus, awareness of low carbon behavior among residents should be accurately measured. But first, residents’ need to have a thorough understanding of what is the real definition of low-carbon awareness and behavior. This paper proposed an analysisof low-carbon awareness and low-carbon behavior concepts. We first divide the types of residents’ low-carbon main concepts into two categories; low carbon awareness and low carbon behavior through which the components to each category are identified. Then we provide a systematic comparison of allthree most frequently mentioned components in low-carbon awareness including low-carbon value, low-carbon attitude, low-carbon knowledge and finallyabout low-carbon behavior.The residents’ low-carbon awareness-behavior gap will then beingidentified and discussed.Finally, differences and similarities among the two residents’ concepts have been summarized.

Abstract: A huge number of available Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies have shown that data availability for paper products is enormous regionally. In Malaysia, LCA practices are considered uncommon attributed to the lack of data availability and LCA practitioner itself. Therefore, a cradle to cradle study has been carried out to determine the potential impacts arise from the recycled paper production in Malaysia. LCA methodology used in this study including goal and scope definition, inventory analysis (LCI), impact assessment (LCIA) and interpretation is based on ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 framework. A series of input-output data collection has been carried out and the collected data was calculated by using Simapro software followed by data evaluation using Eco-indicator 99 method. The results showed that the most significant impacts generated throughout the system were fossil fuel and resources at the midpoint and endpoint level respectively. This can be attributed to a high consumption of chemicals and energy in the pulp and paper manufacturing process. As a consequence, a comprehensive practice in mill specifically on chemicals and resources include water and energy consumption, as well as the waste management and recycling system needs to be addressed explicitly to mitigate the relevant impacts.

Abstract: Recycle, reuse and reduce are commonly heard as the activities to support for green environment. However, without or lack of self awareness and voluntary to contribute to the green it can cause a failure effort and projects from the government and other sectors. Furthermore, the public could not be expected to keep recycling without enough motivation, assistance and facility. Alternatively, we proposed a web application as an e-platform for the community and business entity including shopping mall, green business and other agencies to support and collaborate between each other in supporting for recycle and reuse. We have investigated through survey and interview with those involved including the public and representatives from the selected shopping malls to collect data of the current scenario regarding their awareness and willingness to contribute to green. Our solution called e-Reward for Recyclers purposely to motivate people to recycle their used items from home at one stop recycling centre by collaborating with shopping malls. Lastly, we wanted to connect people from the green business including recycle factory, reused company and welfare organization to the recycle centre for them to collect mass recycled items to be reused for their purposes.

Abstract: This paper presents an optimization of multi response green machining of aluminum 6061 valve. The research is started with study literature and early survey to identify various factors that may likely influence in the green machining. The next step is investigating and collecting experiment data of the control factors (working in 3 levels) for depth of cut, feeding, and cutting speed factor on two responses; power consumption and surface roughness (R_a). The data were evaluated using Taguchi method based on grey relational anaylisis. Statistic tools coupled together with Taguchi design to process the output of the experiment. Finally, the research has successfully to deliver knowledges of the cutting speed and feeding factors have a dominant influence in power consumption and surface roughness of the green machining process

Abstract: Commercial conventional of poultry production at largest scale in this country show escalation year by year, together with high demand of poultry product in Malaysia market. The aim of this research was to identify environmental impact hotspots in the whole supply chain of quail meat production in Jasin, Melaka. At present, assessment of environmental impact of poultry production in Malaysia is lacking.Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the energy use and environmental impacts of quail meat production in Jasin,Melaka through life cycle assessment.A cradle-to-gate assessment including distribution stage was conducted based on the ISO 14040/14044 guidelines.Life cycle inventory data was collected from farmers and available literature. Life cycle impact assessment was conducted toidentify environmental impacts using the available method in theopenLCA software.Life cycle processes related to feed production, electricity and water were identified as the major hotspots for energy and they also showed the most significant contribution in GWP and acidication potential among the environmental impacts categories. Improving efficiency of energy and water consumption will reduce the environmental burden associated with quail meat production.Thus, at the end of this research, it will able to make industry player to understand and take into consideration the solutions in order to promote a green quail meat production.

Abstract: The main principle of ecological management is on how people show efforts to improve their life quality while also improving their environment quality. By then, the attempt to reduce house dust allergen material sources is seen as a holistic environmental management movement that pays larger attention to various housing factors, such as: chemical environment, physical built, as well as biological and socio-cultural nature of house occupants. Another effort to empower community through environmental approach to manage healthy house is intended to be one of the strategies to reduce the amount of allergen inhalant material in dust the house. This effort is seen as a preventive act to reduce the spread of atopy disease as well as to be one engineering basis of healthy living management. The real unrevealed problem is how to conduct an environmental study with holistic approach in order to significantly reduce the source of allergen in the house dust. Based on this holism concept, a further and broader research needs to be conducted to deeply observe the decrease of house dust allergen inhalant level. This study aims at designing a model to reduce house dust allergen inhalant level based on its environment characteristics of the living spaces.

Abstract: Human welfare is increasingly affected by the climate change impacts where more scientific evidence has pointed to a significant human contribution as the most contributing factors. Lately, the concept of ‘carbon-capability’ has been proposed recently to get the relative meanings related to carbon and individual power and enthusiasm to cut emissions. Thus, this paper aims to present a review ofthe theoretical framework and identifies the need for more specific components underlying the community carbon-capability. This study analyzes by using content analysis and based in part on related earlier study. The paper concludes thatcommunity carbon-capability framework's ability to help in reducing climate change impactsand highlighted the vital to understanding community engagement with overall climate change issues in Malaysia.

Abstract: Fish from three major rivers namely Pengkalan Chepa, Kelantan, and Galas rivers in Kelantan, Malaysia was caught using gill-nets with separate mesh sizes of 1, 2, 3, and 4 inches, respectively. There were 170 fish collected from the PCR systems, which represented 18 families and 21 species (2008-2009). The most common fishes, based on total fish captured, were Ikan duri (Arius maculatus) and Puyu (Anabas testudineus). A total of 245 individual fish were collected from KR (2010-2012) which comprised of 7 families and 22 fish species with the highest number of individual fish (51) collected during this survey was the spotted catfish (Arius maculatus). A total of 562 fish specimens representing 12 families and 32 species were captured from riverine monitoring in the GR systems (2008-2010).

Abstract: The Upper Brantas river basin (DAS Brantas Hulu) has natural resources such as forests, soil and water potential. If well managed will provide great benefits and can improve the welfare of society. Changes in land use are not well planned and the impact of human activities that are not true cause a reduction in water catchment areas as a causing of erosion in the Upper Brantas river basin. This study aims to gain an overview of land use, land capability and potential erosion in the Upper Brantas river basin as a basis for policy making in environmentally sound watershed management.