Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of Fluorine DOPED-g-C3N4

Article Preview

Abstract:

F-doped graphitic carbon nitride was synthesized via simple solid-state calcination of mixture with various weight ratios of urea, as precursor, and ammonium fluoride, as modifying agent. The obtained materials were characterized by a number of modern methods such as X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Infrared spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Thermo-gravimetry analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which all demonstrated the successful modification of g-C3N4 by fluorine. The experimental results illustrated that the doped sample, in which weight ratio of urea and ammonium fluoride equals 93:7 respectively, performs the highest photo-degradation efficiency of Rhodamine B up to 75 % after 7-hour visible light irradiation. The doping effect of fluorine on photo-catalytic activity of g-C3N4 was also discussed within supporting information of DFT calculation.

You might also be interested in these eBooks

Info:

Periodical:

Pages:

24-32

Citation:

Online since:

March 2019

Export:

Price:

Permissions CCC:

Permissions PLS:

Сopyright:

© 2019 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Share:

Citation:

[1] Xinchen Wang, Kazuhiko Maeda, Arne Thomas, Kazuhiro Takanabe, Gang Xin, Johan M. Carlsson, Kazunari Domen and Markus Antonietti, A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light, Nature Materials, (2009), 8, 76-80.

DOI: 10.1038/nmat2317

Google Scholar

[2] Wee-Jun Ong, Lling-Lling Tan, Yun Hau Ng, Siek-Ting Yong and Siang-Piao Chai, Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)-Based Photocatalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis and Environmental Remediation: Are We a Step Closer To Achieving Sustainability?, Chemical Review, (2016), 116, 7159-7329.

DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00075

Google Scholar

[3] Jun Y. S., Lee E. Z., Wang X., Hong W. H., Stucky G. D., Thomas A., From Melamine-Cyanuric Acid Supramolecular Aggregates to Carbon Nitride Hollow Spheres, Adv. Funct. Mater., (2013), 23, 3661-3667.

DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201203732

Google Scholar

[4] Zhang Y., Liu J., Wu G., Chen W., Porous Graphitic Carbon Nitride Synthesized Via Direct Polymerization of Urea for Efficient Sunlight-Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production, Nanoscale, (2012), 4, 5300-5303.

DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30948c

Google Scholar

[5] Zhang G., Zhang J., Zhang M., Wang X., Polycondensation of Thiourea into Carbon Nitride Semiconductors as Visible Light Photocatalysts, J. Mater. Chem., (2012), 22, 8083-8091.

DOI: 10.1039/c2jm00097k

Google Scholar

[6] Qu Y., Duan X., Progress, Challenge and Perspective of Heterogeneous Photocatalysts., Chem. Soc. Rev., (2013), 42, 2568-2580.

DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35355e

Google Scholar

[7] An Tran Doan , Xuan Dieu Nguyen Thi , Phi Hung Nguyen , Viet Nga Nguyen Thi, Sung Jin Kim, Vien Vo, Graphitic g-C3N4-WO3 Composite: Synthesis and Photocatalytic Properties, Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, (2014), 35(6), 1794-1798.

DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.6.1794

Google Scholar

[8] Gang Liu, Ping Niu, Chenghua Sun, Sean C. Smith, Zhigang Chen, Gao Qing (Max) Lu and Hui-Ming Cheng, Unique Electronic Structure Induced High Photoreactivity of Sulfur-Doped Graphitic C3N4, J. Am. Chem. Soc., (2010), 132(33), 11642-11648.

DOI: 10.1021/ja103798k

Google Scholar

[9] LingCao, RongWang, DongxiaoWang, Synthesis and characterization of sulfur self-doped g-C3N4with efficient visible-light photocatalytic activity, Materials Letters, (2015), 149, 50-53.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2015.02.119

Google Scholar

[10] J. H. Li, B. Shen, Z. H. Hong, B. Z. Lin, B. F. Gao and Y. L. Chen, A facile approach to synthesize novel oxygen-doped g-C3N4 with superior visible-light photoreactivity, Chem. Commun., (2012), 48, 12017-12019.

DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35862j

Google Scholar

[11] Ligang Zhang, Xiufang Chen, Jing Guan, Yijun Jiang, Tonggang Hou, Xindong Mu, Facile synthesis of phosphorus doped graphitic carbon nitride polymers with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity, Materials Research Bulletin, (2013), 48(9), 3485-3491.

DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.05.040

Google Scholar

[12] Yong Wang, Haoran Li, Jia Yao, Xinchen Wang and  Markus Antonietti, Synthesis of boron doped polymeric carbon nitride solids and their use as metal-free catalysts for aliphatic C–H bond oxidation, Chemical Science, (2011), 2, 446-450.

DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00475h

Google Scholar

[13] An Tran Doan, Phuc Nguyen Van, Tri Ngoc Nguyen, Hung Nguyen Phi, Vien Vo, Effect of synthesis conditions on photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4, Proceedings of The 6thAsian Symposium on Advanced Materials: Chemistry, Physics, Biomedicine of Functional and Novel Materials, (2017), 87-92, Publishing house of Science and Technology, Ha Noi.

Google Scholar

[14] G. Kresse and J. Hafner, Ab initio molecular-dynamics simulation of the liquid-metal amorphous-semiconductor transition in germanium, Phys. Rev. B, (1994), 49, 14251.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.14251

Google Scholar

[15] G. Kresse and J. Furthmuller, Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set, Phys. Rev. B, 1996, 54, 11169.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.11169

Google Scholar

[16] Peng H. and Perdew J. P., Rehabilitation of the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof generalized gradient approximation for layered materials, Phys. Rev. B, 2017, 95, 081105.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.95.081105

Google Scholar

[17] Ke Wang, Qin Li, Baoshun Liu, Bei Cheng, Wingkei Ho, Jiaguo Yu (2015). Sulfur-doped g-C3N4 with enhanced photocatalytic CO2-reduction Performance,, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, (2015), 176, 44–52.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.03.045

Google Scholar

[18] I.Papailias, T.Giannakopoulou, N. Todorova, D. Demotikali, T.Vaimakisc, C.Trapalis Effect of processing temperature on structure and photocatalytic properties of g-C3N4,, Applied Surface Science, (2015), 358, 278–286.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.08.097

Google Scholar

[19] Mengqiu Xu, Bo Chai, Juntao Yan, Haibo Wang, Zhandong Ren and Kyung-Wook Paik, Facile Synthesis of Fluorine Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity, NANO: Brief Reports and Reviews, (2016), 11(12), 1650137.

DOI: 10.1142/s179329201650137x

Google Scholar

[20] Yong Wang, Yan Di, Markus Antonietti, Haoran Li, Xiufang Chen and Xinchen Wang, Excellent Visible-Light Photocatalysis of Fluorinated Polymeric Carbon Nitride Solids, Chem. Mater., (2010), 22, 5119–5121.

DOI: 10.1021/cm1019102

Google Scholar

[21] Liying Huang, Hui Xu, Yeping Li, Huaming Li, Xiaonong Cheng, Jixiang Xia, Yuanguo Xu and Guobin Cai, Visible-light-induced WO3/g-C3N4 composites with enhanced photocatalytic activity, Dalton Trans., (2013), 42, 8606-8616.

DOI: 10.1039/c3dt00115f

Google Scholar

[22] Yuanchun Zhao, Zheng Liu, Weiguo Chu, Li Song, Zengxing Zhang, Dongli Yu, Yongjun Tian, Sishen Xie and Lianfeng Sun, Large-Scale Synthesis of Nitrogen-Rich Carbon Nitride Microfibers by Using Graphitic Carbon Nitride as Precursor, Adv. Mater., (2008), 20, 1777–1781.

DOI: 10.1002/adma.200702230

Google Scholar

[23] S. C. Yan, Z. S. Li, and Z. G. Zou, Photodegradation performance of g-C3N4 fabricated by directly heating melamine, Langmuir, (2009), 25 (17),. 10397–10401.

DOI: 10.1021/la900923z

Google Scholar

[24] Daqiang Gao, Yonggang Liu, Minyue Song, Shoupeng Shi, Mingsu Si and Desheng Xue, Manifestation of high-temperature ferromagnetism in fluorinated graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets, Journal of Materials Chemistry C, (2015), 3, 12230-12235.

DOI: 10.1039/c5tc02911b

Google Scholar

[25] Yuanjian Zhang, Arne Thomas, Markus Antonietti and Xinchen Wang, Activation of Carbon Nitride Solids by Protonation: Morphology Changes, Enhanced Ionic Conductivity, and Photoconduction Experiments, J. Am. Chem. Soc., (2009), 131, 50–51.

DOI: 10.1021/ja808329f

Google Scholar