Au/Go Based Partially Uncladded SMF for Detection of Glucose Concentration

Abstract:

The determination of glucose concentrations in the blood and urine were important to monitor the health of human being. This study was carried out to study the effect GO thicknesses in enhancing the sensitivity of the Au/GO sensor for detection of glucose with various concentration. The partial unclad SMF was fabricated by using low-cost mechanical etching technique. The cladding thickness was successfully reduced from 125μm to 124μm by using this technique. To enhance the strength of evanescent field, Au nanoparticles were deposited on top of unclad fiber via drop casting method. To excite surface plasmon polaritons. GO with various layers from one to five layers were coated on the Au coated partial unclad SMF. The optimum sensitivity of the Au/GO SMF was resulted as three layers of GO with laser excitation under infrared range, λ=1310nm was employed. In conclusion, the effect of GO thicknesses mainly influenced the performance of the proposed sensor, in which the best thickness of GO to enhance the evanescent field and the excitation of SPP is three layers.

• Periodical: Applied Mechanics and Materials (Volume 925)
• Pages: 3-10
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-4Lw10J
• Online since: April 2025
• Authors: Nurulshahida Syafinie Fauzi, Wan Maisarah Mukhtar*, Razman Mohd Halim, Affa Rozana Abdul Rashid, Nur Athirah Mohd Taib
• Keywords: Au/Go, Glucose Sensor, Partially Uncladded, SMF, SPR

References

[1] H.C. Wang and A.R. Lee, 2015. Recent developments in blood glucose sensors. Journal of food and drug analysis, 23(2), pp.191-200.

[2] H.S. Seltzer, E. W. Allen, A. L. Herron and M. T. Brennan, 1967. Insulin secretion in response to glycemic stimulus: relation of delayed initial release to carbohydrate intolerance in mild diabetes mellitus. The Journal of clinical investigation, 46(3), pp.323-335.

DOI: 10.1172/jci105534

[3] B. Bhavadharini, M. M. Mahalakshmi, K. Maheswari, G. Kalaiyarasi, R. M. Anjana, M. Deepa, H. Ranjani, M. Priya, R. Uma, S. Usha and S. D. Pastakia, 2016. Use of capillary blood glucose for screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in resource-constrained settings. Acta diabetologica, 53(1), pp.91-97.

DOI: 10.1007/s00592-015-0761-9

[4] F. A. Cespedes, 2017. RF Sensing System for Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida).

[5] S. A. Zaidi and J. H. Shin, 2016. Recent developments in nanostructure based electrochemical glucose sensors. Talanta, 149, pp.30-42.

DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.033

[6] X. Niu, X. Li, J. Pan, Y. He, F. Qiu and Y. Yan, 2016. Recent advances in non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors based on non-precious transition metal materials: opportunities and challenges. RSC Advances, 6(88), pp.84893-84905.

DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12506a

[7] S. Rauf, M. A. Hayat Nawaz, M. Badea, J. L. Marty and A. Hayat, 2016. Nano-engineered biomimetic optical sensors for glucose monitoring in diabetes. Sensors, 16(11), p.1931.

DOI: 10.3390/s16111931

[8] G. De Micheli, 2015, June. E-health: From sensors to systems. In Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS), 2015 Transducers-2015 18th International Conference on (pp.3-6). IEEE.

DOI: 10.1109/transducers.2015.7180846

[9] M. R. Mahmoudian, W. J. Basirun, P. M. Woi, M. Sookhakian, R.Yousefi, H. Ghadimi and Y. Alias, 2016. Synthesis and characterization of Co3O4 ultra-nanosheets and Co3O4 ultra-nanosheet-Ni (OH) 2 as non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for glucose detection. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 59, pp.500-508.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.10.055

[10] M. Fajkus, J. Nedoma, R. Martinek, V. Vasinek, H. Nazeran and P. Siska, 2017. A non-invasive multichannel hybrid fiber-optic sensor system for vital sign monitoring. Sensors, 17(1), p.111.

DOI: 10.3390/s17010111

[11] Martinek, R., Nedoma, J., Fajkus, M., Kahankova, R., Konecny, J., Janku, P., Kepak, S., Bilik, P. and Nazeran, H., 2017. A phonocardiographic-based fiber-optic sensor and adaptive filtering system for noninvasive continuous fetal heart rate monitoring. Sensors, 17(4), p.890.

DOI: 10.3390/s17040890

[12] S. Shukla, N. K. Sharma and V. Sajal, 2016. Theoretical Study of Surface Plasmon Resonance-based Fiber Optic Sensor Utilizing Cobalt and Nickel Films. Brazilian Journal of Physics, 46(3), pp.288-293.

DOI: 10.1007/s13538-016-0406-7

[13] F. Yu,Y. Okabe, Q. Wu and N. Shigeta, 2016. Fiber-optic sensor-based remote acoustic emission measurement of composites. Smart Materials and Structures, 25(10), p.105033.

DOI: 10.1088/0964-1726/25/10/105033

[14] W. M. Mukhtar, N. A. Marzuki and A. R. A. Rashid, 2017. Manipulating microbending losses in single mode optical fiber for pressure sensing. Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, 9(1), pp.14-21.

[15] W. M. Mukhtar, P. S. Menon and S. Shaari, 2012. Microfabricated fiber probe by combination of electric arc discharge and chemical etching techniques. In Advanced Materials Research (Vol. 462, pp.38-41). Trans Tech Publications.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.462.38

[16] L. Li, Y. Liang, J. Guang, W. Cui, X. Zhang, J. F. Masson and W. Peng, 2017. Dual Kretschmann and Otto configuration fiber surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Optics express, 25(22), pp.26950-26957.

DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.026950

[17] A. Maimaiti, V. G. Truong and S. N. Chormaic, 2016, November. Ultrathin optical fibers for particle trapping and manipulation. In Asia Communications and Photonics Conference (pp. ATh2B-1). Optical Society of America.

DOI: 10.1364/acpc.2016.ath2b.1

[18] W. M. Mukhtar, S. Shaari, P. S. Menon and A. A. Ehsan, 2012. Analysis of biconical taper geometries to the transmission losses in optical microfibers. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, Rapid Communications, 6(11-12), pp.988-992.

[19] G. Son, Y. Jung and K. Yu, 2017. Tapered Optical Fiber Couplers Fabricated by Droplet-Based Chemical Etching. IEEE Photonics Journal, 9(5), pp.1-8.

DOI: 10.1109/jphot.2017.2738661

[20] B. Mulyanti, F. Abdurrahman, R. E. Pawinanto, A. Heri. and G. Sugandi, G., 2017. Fabrication of Polymer Optical Fiber as Intrinsic Optical Sensor Using Etching Technique. Advanced Science Letters, 23(2), pp.1310-1313.

DOI: 10.1166/asl.2017.8384

[21] Z. Harith, M. Batumalay, N. Irawati, S. W. Harun, H. Arof and H. Ahmad, 2017. Relative humidity sensor employing tapered plastic optical fiber coated with seeded Al-doped ZnO. Optik, 144, pp.257-262.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.06.123

[22] N. F. Murat, W. M. Mukhtar, A. R. A. Rashid, K. A. Dasuki and A. A. R. A. Yussuf, 2016, August. Optimization of gold thin films thicknesses in enhancing SPR response. In Semiconductor Electronics (ICSE), 2016 IEEE International Conference on (pp.244-247). IEEE.

DOI: 10.1109/smelec.2016.7573637

[23] W. M. Mukhtar, F. H. Ahmad, N. D. Samsuri and N. F. Murat, 2018, June. Study on plasmon absorption of hybrid Au-GO-GNP films for SPR sensing application. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 1972, No. 1, p.030007). AIP Publishing.

DOI: 10.1063/1.5041228

[24] N. D. Samsuri, W. M. Mukhtar, A. R. A. Rashid, K. A. Dasuki and A. A. R. H. A. Yussuf, 2017. Synthesis methods of gold nanoparticles for Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) sensor applications. In EPJ Web of Conferences (Vol. 162, p.01002). EDP Sciences.

DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201716201002

[25] K. Shah N. K. and Sharma, 2018, August. SPR based fiber optic sensor utilizing thin film of nickel. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2009, No. 1, p.020040). AIP Publishing.

DOI: 10.1063/1.5052109

[26] W. M. Mukhtar, R. M. Halim and H. Hassan, 2017. Optimization of SPR signals: Monitoring the physical structures and refractive indices of prisms. In EPJ Web of Conferences (Vol. 162, p.01001). EDP Sciences.

DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201716201001

[27] Y. Zhang, Y. Wei, Z. Liu, E. Zhao, Y. Zhang, L. Yuan and J. Yang, J, 2015, September. A SPR sensor based on twin-core fiber. In 24th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors (Vol. 9634, p. 96347P). International Society for Optics and Photonics.

DOI: 10.1117/12.2193871

[28] W. M. Mukhtar, N. F. L. Manaf and R. M. Halim, 2021. Identification of Recycled Cooking Oil by Varying Number of Au/GO Coated Fiber Optic's Loop Ring. ASM Sc. J., 15, 2021, pp.1-8.

DOI: 10.32802/asmscj.2021.682

[29] N. Z. A. Khirri, W. M. Mukhtar, R. M. Halim, A. R. A. Rashid, and N. A. M. Taib, 2023. AuNPs/GO Coated U-Shape Polished SMF Based Localized SPR Sensor for Musta'mal Water Identification, IJNeaM, 16, p.73–86.

DOI: 10.58915/ijneam.v16idecember.388

[30] W. M. Mukhtar, N. F. Murat, N. D. Samsuri, N. D. and K. A. Dasuki, 2018. Maximizing the response of SPR signal: A vital role of light excitation wavelength. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2016, No. 1). AIP Publishing.

DOI: 10.1063/1.5055506

[31] W. M. Mukhtar and I. Kamarolzaman, 2020. Real time detection of milk's spoilage using Au/GO bend SMF sensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance effect. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, 14(4), pp.7540-7550.

DOI: 10.15282/jmes.14.4.2020.20.0594