A Study on Material Dispersion around Zero Material Dispersion Wavelength of Different Material Composition based Optical Fiber

Abstract:

The Optical Fiber-based communication system has established its proficiency and inevitability towards regular progress and advancement worldwide. The most attractive wavelength for optical fiber communication is 1.55 μm, as it represents the lowest loss. The other challenging parameter ‘Material Dispersion’ gets reduced to ‘Zero’ at 1.27 μm wavelengths for conventional pure silica-based Optical Fiber. To improve the system towards a better unification between the loss and dispersion, the Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF) has been introduced. The Dispersion Flattened Fiber has introduced the concept of flat dispersion over a wide range of wavelengths. But the effective combination of the mechanisms to compensate for all the challenges is yet to be established properly. The said mechanisms are complex to design and implement. So, there is an immense scope to search for an alternative to get control over the loss and dispersion. At present, a fair number of material compositions of optical fiber are reported with different specifications. Our study on some of these fiber compositions has produced some interesting data towards the broader flatness and the minimum dispersion effect over a considerable range of wavelengths around the Zero Material Dispersion Wavelength (ZMDW). It helps to have more effective wavelength division Multiplexing (WDM). In this paper, we have studied different prospective options of optical fiber doping profiles to explore and propose an effective and optimized alternative among the available fiber profiles. We have studied the samples of pure SiO₂ fibers along with B₂O₃ and GeO₂ doped fibers and samples of Fluoride-based ABCY and ZBLAN glass Fibers to propose an effective combination of materials among the available options to get the optimized conjugation of loss and dispersion. Our report on the comparative study of different fiber materials has produced some effective results to have minimum material dispersion at the lowest loss wavelength to invite worldwide attention from system designers.

• Periodical: Advanced Materials Research (Volume 1166)
• Pages: 25-31
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1166.25
• Online since: September 2021
• Authors: Prosenjit Roy Chowdhury*, Arnab Mitra, Sampurna Patra, Sudipta Biswas
• Keywords: Dispersion Shifted Fiber, Doped Optical Fiber, Fluoride Glass Optical Fiber, Minimum Loss Wavelength, Zero Dispersion Wavelength

References

[1] A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Introduction to Fiber Optics, Cambridge University Press, (1998).

[2] T.Okoshi, Optical Fibers, Academic Press, New York, (1982).

[3] S. Mitachi, Dispersion measurement on fluoride glasses and fibers, Journal of Lightwave Technology, 7 (8), (1989), 1256-1263.

DOI: 10.1109/50.32390

[4] Govind P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 3rd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, (2001).

[5] T. Miyashita, T. Manabe, Infrared Optical Fibers, Microwave Theory and Techniques IEEE Transactions on, 30 (10), (1982). 1420-1438.

DOI: 10.1109/tmtt.1982.1131275

[6] S. E. Mechels, J. B. Schlager, and D. L. Franzen, Accurate Measurements of the Zero-Dispersion Wavelength in Optical Fibers, Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 102 (3), (1997), 333-347.

DOI: 10.6028/jres.102.023

[7] G. Pan, N. Yu, B. Meehan, T. W. Hawkins, J. Ballato, and P. D. Dragic, Thermo-optic coefficient of B2O3 and GeO2 co-doped silica fibers, Optical Materials Express 10 (7), (2020) 1509-1521.

DOI: 10.1364/ome.397215

[8] Takashi Harada et.al., Effect of B2O3 Addition on the Thermal Stability of Barium Phosphate Glasses for Optical Fiber Devices, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87(3), (2008), 408 – 411.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00408.x

[9] E. D. Palik, Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, Academic Press, New York, (1985).

[10] F. Gan, Optical properties of fluoride glasses: a review, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 184, (1995) 9-20.

[11] U.C. Paek, Dispersion-less single mode fibers with trapezoidal index profile in the waveguide region near 1.5μm, Applied Optics, 22(15), (1983), 2363–2369.

DOI: 10.1364/ao.22.002363

[12] G.L. Yip and J. Jiang, Dispersion studies of single mode triangular index fiber with a trench by the vector mode analysis, Applied Optics, 29 (1990), 5343- 5352.

DOI: 10.1364/ao.29.005343

[13] G.P. Agarwal, Optical fiber communication system, 4th Ed., John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York, (2010).

[14] S. Yoo, Y. Jung, J. Kim, J.W. Lee and K. Oh, W-type fiber design for application in U and S band amplifiers by controlling the LP01 mode long wavelength cut-off , Optical Fiber Technology, 11 , (2005), 323-345.

DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2005.01.002

[15] A. Rostami and S. Makouei, Modified W-type single- mode optical fiber design with ultra low, flattened chromatic dispersion and ultra- high effective area for high bit rate long haul communications, Progress in Electromagnetics Research C, 12, (2010) 79-92.

DOI: 10.2528/pierc09090603

[16] M. A. Ettabib, F. Parmigian, X. Feng, I. Jones., J. Kakande, R. Slavik, Poletti F., G. M. Ponzo, J. Shi, M.N. Pertovich and W.H. Loh, Phase regeneration of DPSK signals in a highly nonlinear lead-silicate W-type fiber, Optics Express, 20, (2012) 27419- 27424.

DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.027419

[17] A.M. Kurbatov and R.A. Kurbatov, Polarization and modal filters base on w-fibers panda for fiber optic gyroscopes and high power fiber lasers, Optical Engineering, 52, (2013) 035006-16.

DOI: 10.1117/1.oe.52.3.035006

[18] B. Mukherjee, Optical communication networks, McGraw-Hill, New York., (1997).

[19] J. Berthold, A. M. Saleh, L. Blair and M. Simmons-Jane, Optical networking: past, present, and future, IEEE/OSA Journal of Light wave Technology. 26(9), (2008), 1104-1118.

DOI: 10.1109/jlt.2008.923609

[20] João Pedro and Nelson Costa, Optimized Hybrid Raman/EDFA Amplifier Placement for DWDM Mesh Networks, Journal of Light wave Technology, 36 (9), (2018), 1552-1561.

DOI: 10.1109/jlt.2017.2783678

[21] Y. Lu, C. Baker, L. Chen and X. Bao, Study of chromatic dispersion impact on nonlinear interaction between two sinusoidally modulated optical signals using theory of four-wave mixing,, Journal of Optical Society of America B, 33(1), (2016)110–115.

DOI: 10.1364/josab.33.000110

[22] G. P. Agarwal., Nonlinear fiber optics: its history and recent progress", Journal of Optical Society of America B,, 28, (2011).

[23] T. Kimura, Basic concepts of the optical waveguide. Optical Fiber Transmission. Ed. K. Noda. North Holland Studies in Telecommunication, 6, North Holland, Amsterdam. (1986).

[24] A.C. Mendez and H.R.D Sunak, Chromatic dispersion characteristics of single mode mid-infrared fibers Proc. SPIE. 722, 1986, 111.

DOI: 10.1117/12.937653

[25] C. Jauregui, J. Limpert, and A. Teunnermann, High-power fibre lasers, Nature. Photonics 7, 861 (2013).M. E. Fermann and I. Hartl, Nat. Photonics 7, 868(2013).

DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.273

[26] M. Zervas and C. Codemard, High Power Fiber Lasers: A Review, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 20, 219 (2014).

[27] D.A. Pinnow, F.W. Dabby, I. Camlibel, A.W. Warner, L.G. Van Uitert , Preparation of high purity silica Material, Research Bulletin, 10, (1975) 1263-1266.

DOI: 10.1016/0025-5408(75)90084-7

[28] J. Kirchhof, S. Unger, B. Knappe. Fluorine containing high-silica glasses for speciality optical fibers. Advanced Materials Research, 39-40, (2008), 265-268.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.39-40.265

[29] Volkmar Bruckner, Elements of Optical Networking - Basics and Practice of Optical Data Communication, Springer. (2011).

[30] S.D Carson, R.D. Maurer, Optical attenuation in Ti-silica glasses, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 11, (1973),368-380.

DOI: 10.1016/0022-3093(73)90025-2

[31] M. Kamradek, I. Kasik, P. Peterka, J. Aubrecht, P. Honzatko, O. Podrazky, J. Mrazek, V. Kubecek, Silica- and germanate- based glasses doped with rare-earth elements for photonics devices. In: Proc. 25th International Congress on Glass, (2019), Boston.

DOI: 10.1109/jphot.2019.2940747

[32] T. Kimura, Basic concepts of optical waveguide, Optical fiber Transmission. North Holland Studies in Telecommunications. Holland. Amsterdam. (1986).

[33] A.C. Mendez and H.R.D. Sunak, Chromatic dispersion characteristics of single mode mid-infrared fibers. Proc.SPIE 722.111, (1986).

DOI: 10.1117/12.937653

[34] I. Kasik, V. Matejec, M. Hayer, M. Kamradek, O. Podrazky, J. Mrazek, P. Peterka, P. Honzatko, Glass Materials for Optical Fibers. Ceramics, Silikaty 64(1), (2020), 1-9.

DOI: 10.1109/icton51198.2020.9203173