Lipid Peroxidation and Gene Expression of Antioxidant Enzymes in Response to Polycyclic Musks in Earthworm Eisenia fetida

Abstract:

Polycyclic musks (PCMs) released into the environment have potential impacts on soil organisms such as earthworms. To better understand the toxicity of PCMs, earthworms were exposed to tonalide (AHTN) and galaxolide (HHCB) – spiked filter paper for 48 h and impacts on oxidative stress and gene expression were investigated. Levels of lipid peroxidation significantly (P<0.05) increased in time-dependent manner, suggesting that the reactive oxygen species induced cellular oxidative injury of Eisenia fetida might be one of the main toxic effects of PCMs. Gene expressions of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) significantly (P<0.05) up-regulated at low doses of AHTN (0.6 μg/cm^-2) and HHCB (0.3 μg/cm^-2) throughout the 48 h exposure period, while down-regulated at high doses (6.0 μg/cm^-2 AHTN and 3.0 μg/cm^-2 HHCB) after 48 h. These results indicate that excessive PCMs could result in oxidative damage in earthworms. To our knowledge, this study is the first description of PCMs causes toxicity in earthworm using a transcript level approach, which can provide new insights into the toxicological mechanism of AHTN and HHCB.

• Periodical: Advanced Materials Research (Volume 365)
• Pages: 245-251
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.365.245
• Online since: October 2011
• Authors: Chun Chen, Qi Xing Zhou
• Keywords: Antioxidant Enzyme, Eisenia fetida, Gene Expression, Lipid Peroxidation, Polycyclic Musks

References

[1] Horii Y, Reiner JL, Loganathan BG, Kumar KS, Sajwan K, Kannan K: Occurrence and fate of polycyclic musks in wastewater treatment plants in Kentucky and Georgia, USA. Chemosphere 2007, 68(11): 2011-(2020).

DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.054

[2] Garcia-Jares C, Llompart M, Polo M, Salgado C, Macias S, Cela R: Optimisation of a solid-phase microextraction method for synthetic musk compounds in water. Journal of Chromatography A 2002, Vol. 963, no. (1-2), pp.277-285.

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00649-0

[3] Fromme, H., T. Otto, et al. (2001). Polycyclic musk fragrances in different environmental compartments in Berlin (Germany)., Water research 35(1): 121-128.

DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00233-5

[4] Shek WM, Murphy MB, Lam JCW, Lam PKS: Synthetic polycyclic musks in Hong Kong sewage sludge. Chemosphere 2008, 71(7): 1241-1250.

DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.069

[5] Yang JJ, Metcalfe CD: Fate of synthetic musks in a domestic wastewater treatment plant and in an agricultural field amended with biosolids. Science of the Total Environment 2006, 363(1-3): 149-165.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.06.022

[6] Peck AM, Hornbuckle KC: Synthetic musk fragrances in urban and rural air of Iowa and the Great Lakes. Atmospheric Environment 2006, 40(32): 6101-6111.

DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.05.058

[7] Nakata H: Occurrence of synthetic musk fragrances in marine mammals and sharks from Japanese coastal waters. Environmental Science & Technology 2005, 39(10): 3430-3434.

DOI: 10.1021/es050199l

[8] Kannan K, Reiner JL, Yun SH, Perrotta EE, Tao L, Johnson-Restrepo B, Rodan BD: Polycyclic musk compounds in higher trophic level aquatic organisms and humans from the United States. Chemosphere 2005, 61(5): 693-700.

DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.041

[9] Muller J, Bohmer W, Litz NT: Occurrence of polycyclic musks in sewage sludge and their behaviour in soils and plants. Journal of Soils and Sediments 2006, 6(4): 231-235.

DOI: 10.1065/jss2006.10.187.1

[10] An J, Zhou QX, Sun YB, Xu ZQ: Ecotoxicological effects of typical personal care products on seed germination and seedling development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ). Chemosphere 2009, 76(10): 1428-1434.

DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.004

[11] Nakamori T, Fujimori A, Kinoshita K, Ban-nai T, Kubota Y, Yoshida S: mRNA expression of a cadmium-responsive gene is a sensitive biomarker of cadmium exposure in the soil collembolan Folsomia candida. Environmental Pollution 2010, 158(5): 1689-1695.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.11.022

[12] Brulle F, Morgan AJ, Cocquerelle C, Vandenbulcke F: Transcriptomic underpinning of toxicant-mediated physiological function alterations in three terrestrial invertebrate taxa: A review. Environmental Pollution 2010, 158(9): 2793-2808.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.06.019

[13] Rao JV, Kavitha P: Toxicity of azodrin on the morphology and acetylcholinesterase activity of the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Environmental Research 2004, 96(3): 323-327.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2004.02.014

[14] Brulle F, Mitta G, Cocquerelle C, Vieau D, Lemiere S, Lepretre A, vandenBulcke F: Cloning and real-time PCR testing of 14 potential biomarkers in Eisenia fetida following cadmium exposure. Environmental Science & Technology 2006, 40(8): 2844-2850.

DOI: 10.1021/es052299x

[15] Asensio V, Kille P, Morgan AJ, Soto M, Marigomez I: Metallothionein expression and Neutral Red uptake as biomarkers of metal exposure and effect in Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris exposed to Cd. European Journal of Soil Biology 2007, 43: S233-S238.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2007.08.022

[16] Zheng SL, Song YF, Qiu XY, Sun TH, Ackland ML, Zhang W: Annetocin and TCTP expressions in the earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to PAHs in artificial soil. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2008, 71(2): 566-573.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.10.025

[17] OECD (1984). Earthworm, acute toxicity tests, Guideline for testing chemicals. No. 207. OECD, Paris, France.

[18] Bradford, M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding., Analytical biochemistry 72(1-2): 248-254.

DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3

[19] Ohkawa, H., N. Ohishi, et al. (1979). Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction., Analytical biochemistry 95(2): 351-358.

DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3

[20] Quiros L, Pina B, Solee M, Blasco J, Lopez MA, Riva MC, Barcelo D, Raldua D: Environmental monitoring by gene expression biomarkers in Barbus graellsii: Laboratory and field studies. Chemosphere 2007, 67(6): 1144-1154.

DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.11.032

[21] Lin D S, Zhou Q X, Xie X J, Liu Y. Potential biochemical and genetic toxicity of triclosan as an emerging pollutant on earthworms (Eisenia fetida), Chemosphere, 2010, Vol. 81, No. 10, pp.1328-33.

DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.08.027

[22] Xue YG, Gu XY, Wang XR, Sun C, Xu XH, Sun J, Zhang BG: The hydroxyl radical generation and oxidative stress for the earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to tetrabromobisphenol A. Ecotoxicology 2009, 18(6): 693-699.

DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0333-2

[23] Dalton T P, Shertzer H G, Puga A, 1999. Regulation of gene expression by reactive oxygen. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 39, 67-101.

DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.67

[24] Bigot, A., P. Vasseur, et al. (2010). SOD and CAT cDNA cloning, and expression pattern of detoxification genes in the freshwater bivalve Unio tumidus transplanted into the Moselle river., Ecotoxicology 19(2): 369-376.

DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0419-x

[25] Jo, P.G., Choi, Y.K., Choi, C.Y., 2008. Cloning and mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas in response to cadmium exposure. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-Toxicology & Pharmacology 147, 460-469.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.02.001