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HomeAdvanced Materials ResearchAdvanced Materials Research Vol. 410Influence of Carbon Nanotubes and Processing on...

Influence of Carbon Nanotubes and Processing on Cyclic Fatigue and Final Fracture Behavior of a Magnesium Alloy

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Abstract:

Carbon nanotubes (CNT)-reinforced magnesium alloy (AZ31) was fabricated using the technique of solidification processing followed by hot extrusion. Test specimens of both the composite and the unreinforced alloy were cyclically deformed at two different load ratios spanning tension-tension loading (R = 0.1) and fully-reversed tension-compression (R= -1) loading under total stress amplitude-control. A comparison of the CNT reinforced magnesium alloy with the unreinforced counterpart revealed well over two hundred percent improvement in cyclic fatigue life at load ratio of 0.1 and about two-hundred and fifty percent improvement in the high cycle fatigue life under conditions of fully-reversed loading [R= -1.0]. At all values of maximum stress, the high cycle fatigue response of both the reinforced and unreinforced magnesium alloy was found to degrade at the lower load ratio (-1.0). The synergistic and interactive influences of reinforcement and processing on microstructural development, cyclic fatigue life and kinetics governing fracture behavior are presented and briefly discussed.

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Processing and Fabrication of Advanced Materials

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Periodical:

Advanced Materials Research (Volume 410)

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3-16

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.410.3

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Online since:

November 2011

Authors:

Tirumalai S. Srivatsan, C. Godbole, Muralidharan Paramsothy, Manoj Gupta

Keywords:

Carbon Nanotube (CN), Composite, Fracture, High Cycle Fatigue (HCF), Magesium Alloy, Microstructure, Reinforcement

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© 2012 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

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[31] T.S. Srivatsan, CV. Godbole, M. Paramothy and M. Gupta: The Cyclic Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Magnesium Alloy AZ31, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance (to be submitted) 2011. Table 1. Chemical composition of AZ31 (wt%) Al Zn Mn Si Cu Fe Ni Mg.

[2] 50 to.

[3] 50.

60 to.

[1] 40.

15 to.

40.

1.

05.

01.

01 Balance Table 2. Microhardness measurements of monolithic alloy AZ31 and AZ31/CNT nanocomposite. Indentation load: 100 grams, dwell time: 15 sec. Material Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3 Trail 4 Average Hardness (Kg/mm2) Average Hardness (GPa) AZ31 D1 (mm).

[75] 3.

[74] 6.

[80] 8.

[71] 7 --- --- D2 (mm).

[73] 3.

[76] 8.

[84] 4.

[72] 8 --- --- Hv (Kg/mm2).

[67] 0.

[65] 0.

[54] 0.

[69] 0.

[63] 8.

625 AZ31/1. 0 vol% CNT D1 (mm).

[62] 6.

[66] 8.

[61] 9.

[63] 1 --- --- D2 (mm).

[62] 9.

[65] 9.

[63] 6.

[60] 6 --- --- Hv (Kg/mm2).

[94] 0.

[84] 0.

[96] 0.

[97] 0.

[92] 8.

909 Table 3. Room temperature tensile properties of monolithic AZ31 alloy and AZ31/1. 0 vol% CNT composite. Specimen Elastic Modulus Yield Strength Ultimate Tensile Strength Elongation GL=0. 5" (%) Reduction in Area (%) Tensile Ductility ln (Ao/Ar) (%) ksi GPa ksi MPa ksi MPa AZ31 6567. 2.

DOI: 10.1520/f3125_f3125m-22

[45] 3.

[29] 6 203. 7.

[42] 6 294. 0.

[13] 2.

[16] 4.

[18] 0 AZ31/1. 0 vol% CNT 6307. 6.

[43] 5.

[34] 4 237. 4.

[43] 9 302. 3.

[16] 8.

[25] 0.

[28] 8 50 µm 50 µm (b) (a) Figure 1: Optical microstructure of (a) AZ31 and (b) AZ31/ 1. 0 vol % CNT T = 250C R = 0. 1 AZ31/1. 0 vol% CNT AZ31 Figure 2: Variation of maximum stress (smax) with fatigue life (Nf) for AZ31 and AZ31/1. 0 vol% CNT at load ratio (R=smin/smax) of 0. 1. T = 250C R = 0. 1 AZ31/1. 0 vol% CNT AZ31 Figure 3: Variation of maximum elastic strain (smax/E) with fatigue life (Nf) for AZ31 and AZ31/1. 0 vol% CNT at load ratio (R=smin/smax) of 0. 1. AZ31/1. 0 vol% CNT AZ31 T = 250C R = 0. 1 Figure 4: Variation of ratio of maximum stress to ultimate tensile strength (%) with fatigue life (Nf) for AZ31 and AZ31/1. 0 vol% CNT at load ratio (R=smin/smax) of 0. 1. AZ31/1. 0 vol% CNT AZ31 T = 250C R = - 1 Figure 5: Variation of maximum stress (smax) with fatigue life (Nf) for AZ31 and AZ31/1. 0 vol% CNT at load ratio (R=smin/smax) of - 1. AZ31/1. 0 vol% CNT AZ31 T = 250C R = - 1 Figure 6: Variation of maximum elastic strain (smax/E) with fatigue life (Nf) for AZ31 and AZ31/1. 0 vol% CNT at load ratio (R=smin/smax) of - 1. AZ31/1. 0 vol% CNT AZ31 T = 250C R = - 1 Figure 7: Variation of ratio of maximum stress to ultimate tensile strength (%) with fatigue life (Nf) for AZ31 and AZ31/1. 0 vol% CNT at load ratio (R=smin/smax) of - 1. 50 µm 200 µm (a) (b) 4 µm (c) (d).

[2] 5 µm Figure 8: Scanning electron micrographs of the high cycle fatigue fracture surface of AZ31 deformed at maximum cyclic stress of 102 MPa at load ratio of 0. 1, fatigue life of 197, 813 cycles, showing the following: (a) Overall morphology of failure. (b) High magnification observation of (a) showing the region of crack initiation and early microscopic crack growth. (c) A random dispersion of fine striations in the region of early microscopic crack growth. (d) Morphology, size and distribution of dimples on the overload fracture surface. 100 µm 2 µm 10 µm (a) (b) 4 µm (c) (d) Figure 9: Scanning electron micrographs of the high cycle fatigue fracture surface of AZ31 reinforced with CNT and deformed at maximum cyclic stress of 148 MPa at load ratio of 0. 1, fatigue life of 318, 568 cycles, showing the following: (a) Overall morphology of failure. (b) High magnification of (a) showing flat and near featureless transgranular region. (c) Random dispersion of striation like features in the region of stable crack growth. (d) High magnification observation of ( c) showing both fine microscopic cracks and microscopic voids. 10 µm 200 µm (a) (b) 5 µm 2 µm (c) (d) Figure 10: Scanning electron micrographs of the high cycle fatigue fracture surface of magnesium alloy AZ31 cyclically deformed at maximum stress of 101. 82 MPa, at load ratio of -1 and resultant fatigue life of 240, 921 cycles, showing: (a) Overall morphology of failure. (b) High magnification observation in (a) showing intrinsic features in the region of early microscopic crack growth. (c) Shallow striations randomly dispersed in the region of stable crack growth. (d) High magnification observation of the region of stable crack growth prior to the onset of unstable crack growth revealing fine microscopic cracks and shallow nature of striations. 200 µm 100 µm (a) (b) 4 µm 5 µm (d) (c) Figure 11: Scanning electron micrographs of the high cycle fatigue surface of magnesium alloy AZ31 reinforced with carbon nanotubes and cyclically deformed at maximum stress of 112. 76 MPa, at load ratio of -1 and resultant fatigue life of 401, 943 cycles, showing: (a) Overall morphology of failure. (b) Region of fracture surface showing transition from fatigue to overload. (c) High magnification observation of the region of stable crack growth showing fine and shallow striations intermingled with fine microscopic cracks. (d) Voids of varying size and shape intermingled with population of shallow dimples and fine microscopic cracks, features reminiscent of locally ductile and brittle failure mechanisms.