Advanced Materials Research Vol. 827

Abstract: In this paper, the orthogonal experimental design method is used to study the influences of various factors on unstable water flooding development effects aiming at the seven geological reservoir factors and five engineering factors that influence the unstable water flooding development effects of anisotropic reservoirs. Twenty seven (27) experimental programs are proposed in this paper. Compared with conventional water flooding, most of them can increase the recovery efficiency in a certain degree and the best one can increase it by 2.73%. The visual analyses of range and variance on the experimental results indicate that the key factors affecting the recovery efficiency increase of unstable water flooding are working system, amplitude of fluctuation, relative waterflood frequency and waterflood timing; the moderate factors are reservoir rhythmicity, capillary pressure, water injection cycle and the wettability; and the minor factors are permeability ratio, rock compressibility, viscosity of crude oil and the coefficient of variation. The development engineering factors have the highest influence, followed by the geological factors. An optimum program is achieved after optimizing the development engineering parameters.The average EOR efficiency it achives is 3.83%,which is higher than the preferred plan in the orthogonal experimental design,the parameter optimization effect is scientific and rreasonable.

Abstract: For long distance oil and gas pipeline system has the characteristics of high accident rate tending to happen in personnel job activity, this paper expounds the necessity and application steps of HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Analysis) analysis for long-distance pipeline system key operation procedure (SOP). The HAZAOP analysis of deviation, causes of deviation, consequences, existing control measures and recommending measures, make the key operating procedure safer, and also contributes to the improvement of the oil and gas pipeline system safety and fitness between operating procedures and hardware facilities. The results of application examples show that HAZOP is able to identify key operating procedure loopholes, helps enterprises optimize key operating procedures, improves the hardware facilities, and has an important role to improve the security of the key operation of oil and gas pipelines.

Abstract: The article aims at researching on anti-explosion security technique for gas-injection well of air oil drive through the gas associated with crude oil alerting system, and then, making sure safety distance of associated gas explosion. Firstly, experiment the explosion limit of associated gas, then to determine the different alerting threshold and the arrangement of inspection instrument, which are on the basic of different limit requirements of density about gas-injection well head and internal gas-injection well. Secondly, with associated gas explosion in the well, calculate the overpressure of well head through simulation method. Finally, analogy between explosion energy and TNT equivalent, so that determine the level of people casualties and structure breakage for safe distance according to failure criteria of explosive blast.

Abstract: Nanostructures with top subwavelength hybrid dielectric gratings and metallic triangle back reflector in Si thin film solar cells (TFSCs) are introduced in this paper. Compared with the studied light-trapping structures with normal surface and bottom gratings, our optimized structure has a better performance. We can achieve above 26 percent average cell efficiency enhancement in contrast to the normal flat cells and about 40 percent increase with the transverse magnetic (TM) polarized irradiation only.

Abstract: Self-sufficient photovoltaic apartment is a potential market in PV industry. The initial costs and proceeds of a self-breeding photovoltaic apartment are essential to its future application. In order to analysis the feasibility of the photovoltaic apartment, a mathematical model is built. This nonlinear optimizing model includes the selection and laying scheme of PV cells and invertors according to different illumination conditions. Solving the model leads to a NP-completion problem so greedy algorithm is used to calculate the cost, proceed and payback period of photovoltaic apartment. The model is tested upon the meteorological data of Datong City, Shanxi Province. The result shows that the payback period is within 30 years indicating a prospect of PV industry.

Abstract: Coherency is used to characterize the degree of confusion between generators which oscillate against each other, so it can judge the process which generators oscillate from local mode to inter-area mode. The coherency is the value of the direction cosine by using angle of the generators. when the direction cosines of two generator is 1 that indicates the oscillation direction between the two generators is inter-area oscillation mode; when the direction cosines of two generator is-1 that indicates the oscillation direction between the two generators is local oscillation mode. Coherency is affected by speed governing system and excitation system of generator.Using two area systems verifies the theoretical analysis is correct.

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyze the investment of the electrical power generation from the wave energy at the Gulf of Thailand in order to develop the electricity production from the wave energy which is green energy. The performance of wave energy converter (WEC) is evaluated at the Songkla area by using the available wave data, which is adopted from the Marine Meteorological Center. There are two parts in this research. The first one is the electrical power calculation which is the calculation of electrical production by using the Pelamis transformer which depends on the significant wave height (H_s) and the wave period (T_p) at the Gulf of Thailand. The other is the economical analysis, which is the key performance indicator by using the benefit to cost ratio (B/C ratio) and the net present value (NPV) to analyze the potential of investment by comparing with the present electrical fee.

Abstract: 2D seismic reflection data and magnetism data, gravity data and electrical data together define the overall subsurface structure of the East Gobi basin (EGB), and reflect Jurassic-Cretaceous intracontinental rift evolution through deposition of at least five distinct stratigraphic sequences. Three major NE-SW trending fault zones divide the basin^[. In the paper, through strata sequence description and sedimentary facies analysis, as well as zone appraisal for the oil and gas in the study area, we conclude that western step-fault zone of the block VI of EGB was most favorable pay, then the reverse faulted-nose structure in the east, while in the western slope and eastern fault zone, their hydrocarbon prospect need further proved.

Abstract: The paper describes the assessment and mapping of wind climate and environmental conditions of the study region extending from 56.03N 20.2E to 57.22N 21.33E. Maps of wind resources and environmental conditions are the primary method used for presenting the offshore wind resources as well as site conditions data. A GIS database was chosen to house the offshore resources data because the datasets have a significant spatial component. A visualization of the geospatial data is created using the Google Maps platform. The maps datasets consist of gridded 1) climatological information on wind speed and direction, air temperature, air pressure, wind power potential at 10m, 80m, 90m and 100m height; 2) oceanographical information on water temperature, height and direction of sea waves, speed and direction of currents, ice conditions; 3) geological data on bathymetry and sea sediments. The horizontal resolution of the database grid cells is 5 km by 5 km. All the component datasets are spatially referenced to the same spatial base, allowing rapid indexing of the different datasets to each other. A database user may compare information from different datasets in the same geographic location. The GIS database also allows portions of a dataset to be quickly updated as new information becomes available.

Abstract: The conventional reservoir simulation is only reasonably consistent with history matching. An application will be presented in this paper by integrating seismic data and production data to achieve history matching. It is hard to accurately describe the reservoir and fracture modeling due to lack of fracture logging data in volcanic rock reservoir area of Bin 3. The study found that it has a close relationship between the distribution characteristics of volcanic rock and seismic attributes.The high-value region of coherence cube attribute usually correspond to tight basalts, so it is very like a fracture broken zone. With denser lithology and higher impedance value, the high-angle fractures will be better abundant. Great deals of intensive fracture and comprehensive effect have been simulated through volcanic rock reservoir simulation restricted by seismic data. By improving history matching, the approach also deepens the possible distribution pattern of fracture-developed zone in 3D space. On the basis of that, stable and high production wells have been designed and put forward.