Validation of an Automatic Lattice Generation Framework and Comparative Analysis of Lattice-based Metamaterials for Impact Protection

Abstract:

Metamaterials have emerged as promising candidates for protective structures due to their lightweight design and energy absorption capabilities. While various lattice-based architectures have been explored, further research is needed to optimize their dynamic response and computational modeling. Recent studies highlight the superior strength-to-weight ratios of lattice metamaterials over traditional foams, yet challenges remain in balancing predictive accuracy and computational efficiency.This study introduces novel computational frameworks for the design and analysis of deterministic, hybrid, and stochastic lattice architectures. Using finite element models, different unit cell configurations are evaluated under dynamic loading, comparing beam-based models for efficiency with 3D solid models for accuracy. A comparative assessment with foam materials further examines energy absorption performance.The framework developed in this study provides a versatile tool for the automatic generation and analysis of lattice structures. Moreover, this study provides critical insights into lattice topology, computational trade-offs, and impact resistance.

• Periodical: Advances in Science and Technology (Volume 171)
• Pages: 167-175
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-U9REpF
• Online since: December 2025
• Authors: Salvatore Annunziata*, Edison Shehu, Luca Lomazzi, Andrea Manes
• Keywords: Energy Absorption, Foam, Impact Loading, Lattice, Protective Structures

References

[1] S. Chiras et al., "The structural performance of near-optimized truss core panels." [Online]. Available: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijsolstr.

[2] Y. Shen, S. McKown, S. Tsopanos, C. J. Sutcliffe, R. A. W. Mines, and W. J. Cantwell, "The mechanical properties of sandwich structures based on metal lattice architectures," Journal of Sandwich Structures and Materials, vol. 12, no. 2, p.159–180, Mar. 2010.

DOI: 10.1177/1099636209104536

[3] Z. P. Sun, Y. B. Guo, and V. P. W. Shim, "Deformation and energy absorption characteristics of additively-manufactured polymeric lattice structures — Effects of cell topology and material anisotropy," Thin-Walled Structures, vol. 169, Dec. 2021.

DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2021.108420

[4] Z. P. Sun, Y. B. Guo, and V. P. W. Shim, "Characterisation and modeling of additively-manufactured polymeric hybrid lattice structures for energy absorption," Int J Mech Sci, vol. 191, Feb. 2021.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.106101

[5] I. Maskery et al., "Insights into the mechanical properties of several triply periodic minimal surface lattice structures made by polymer additive manufacturing," Polymer (Guildf), vol. 152, p.62–71, Sep. 2018.

DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.11.049

[6] H. Ramos, R. Santiago, S. Soe, P. Theobald, and M. Alves, "Response of gyroid lattice structures to impact loads," Int J Impact Eng, vol. 164, Jun. 2022.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2022.104202

[7] H. Ramos et al., "Experimental evaluation of hybrid lattice structures subjected to blast loading," Addit Manuf, vol. 76, Aug. 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2023.103751

[8] F. Habib, P. Iovenitti, S. Masood, M. Nikzad, and D. Ruan, "Design and evaluation of 3D printed polymeric cellular materials for dynamic energy absorption," International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 103, no. 5–8, p.2347–2361, Aug. 2019.

DOI: 10.1007/s00170-019-03541-4

[9] S. Wang, Y. Ding, F. Yu, Z. Zheng, and Y. Wang, "Crushing behavior and deformation mechanism of additively manufactured Voronoi-based random open-cell polymer foams," Mater Today Commun, vol. 25, Dec. 2020.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101406

[10] F. N. Habib, P. Iovenitti, S. H. Masood, and M. Nikzad, "Fabrication of polymeric lattice structures for optimum energy absorption using Multi Jet Fusion technology," Mater Des, vol. 155, p.86–98, Oct. 2018.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2018.05.059