Prediction of Carbonation Depth in Concrete with Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) Using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract:

The use of Recycled Coarse Aggregate (RCA) in concrete has gained attention due to its sustainability benefits; however, its impact on carbonation depth (CD) and the potential for corrosion of steel reinforcement remains a concern. RCA’s increased porosity and water absorption can make concrete more susceptible to carbonation, which accelerates corrosion. This study aims to evaluate the effect of RCA on carbonation depth and compressive strength in concrete exposed to varying carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations (1%, 5.5%, and 10%) and carbonation periods (28, 56, and 84 days). Concrete mixes with 0%, 25%, and 50% RCA replacement were prepared with a 1:1.23:2.17 cement-to-sand-to-aggregate ratio and a 0.44 water-cement ratio. The results of the compressive strength tests showed that the control mix (0% RCA) had the highest strength at 25.231 MPa, while the 25% and 50% RCA mixes showed reduced compressive strengths of 22.721 MPa and 22.441 MPa, respectively. For carbonation depth, higher RCA content, CO₂ concentration, and longer exposure times resulted in deeper carbonation. The deepest carbonation depth of 13.54 mm was observed in the 50% RCA mix exposed to 10% CO₂ for 84 days. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) model developed to predict carbonation depth showed a good fit, with an Adjusted R² of 79.98% and a Predicted R² of 74.83%, indicating reliable predictive capabilities. This study highlights the importance of managing RCA content and environmental conditions to optimize concrete durability.

• Periodical: Advances in Science and Technology (Volume 180)
• Pages: 161-168
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-47ioGH
• Online since: July 2026
• Authors: Leonard Mariano Agustin*, Bon Ryan P. Aniban
• Keywords: Carbonation Depth, Concrete, Recycled Concrete Aggregate, Response Surface Methodology

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