Paper Titles

In Situ HRTEM Observations of Spreading Reactive Molten Alloy on Ceramic Substrates
p.83

Ultrarapid Transient-Liquid-Phase Bonding of Advanced Ceramics
p.88

Overview on Wetting and Joining in Transition Metals Diborides
p.98

The Quality of Brazed Ceramic and Cemented Carbide Joints - A Mechanical and Metallurgical Assessment
p.108

Temperature Modeling for Friction Welding Process between Ceramic and Metal
p.115

Residual Stress Measurement around the Interface of Copper Bicrystal Deformed by Uniaxial Extension
p.125

Preparation, Characterization and Applications of Glass-Ceramic-to-Metal Seals
p.135

Finite Element Modeling of Thermal Stress in ITER Prototype Optical Windows and its Influencing Parameters
p.145

Interfacial Microstructure and Properties of SiC / SiC Joint Brazed with Ag-Cu-Ti Alloys
p.151

HomeAdvances in Science and TechnologyAdvances in Science and Technology Vol. 64Preparation, Characterization and Applications of...

Preparation, Characterization and Applications of Glass-Ceramic-to-Metal Seals

Article Preview

Abstract:

It is recognized that many factors need to be taken into consideration in the successful design and manufacture of high quality glass-ceramic-to-metal seals, particularly if an adequate component lifetime is to be achieved. During their preparation, undesirable reactions may occur between diffusing metal species and glass constituents, and these can lead to the formation of highly localized internal stresses, the presence of which can initiate failure of a seal either during manufacture or, more seriously, whilst in service due to the influence of static fatigue. In the case of high temperature systems, reactions under hostile operating conditions also need to be taken into consideration. A thorough understanding of the relevant glass-ceramic/metal interactions is therefore required in order that steps can be taken to avoid or at least minimize reactions within the interfacial region that may lead to localized modifications of the glass-ceramic microstructure. In this contribution, factors influencing the lifetime behaviour of glass-ceramic/metal systems are reviewed and discussed, with particular reference given to SOFC sealants and also to advanced electrical components developed at AWE including seals to stainless steels and Ni-based superalloys. Fundamental studies on bonding to pure Fe, Ni and Cr are also included.

You might also be interested in these eBooks

12th INTERNATIONAL CERAMICS CONGRESS PART C

Info:

Periodical:

Advances in Science and Technology (Volume 64)

Pages:

135-144

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AST.64.135

Citation:

Cite this paper

Online since:

October 2010

Authors:

Ian W. Donald, B.L. Metcalfe, L.A. Gerrard, J.A. Fernie

Keywords:

Aging, Glas Ceramics, Interface, Metal, Seal, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), Stainless Steel (SS), Superalloy

Export:

RIS, BibTeX

Price:

Permissions CCC:

Request Permissions

Permissions PLS:

Request Permissions

Сopyright:

© 2010 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Share:

Citation:

[1] I. W. Donald, Glass-to-Metal Seals, Society of Glass Technology, (Sheffield), (2007).

[2] P. W. McMillan, B. P. Hodgson, Making glass-ceramic to metal seals, Engineering, 196, (1963), 366-377.

[3] I. W. Donald, Review: Preparation, properties and chemistry of glass- and glass-ceramic-to- metal seals and coatings, J. Mat. Sci., 28, (1993), 2841-2886.

DOI: 10.1007/bf00354689

[4] I. W. Donald, B. L. Metcalfe, L. A. Gerrard, and S. K. Fong, Diffusion of metallic species and their influence on interfacial reactions in glass-ceramic-to-metal seals, Adv. Sci. & Tech., 45, (2006), 1520-1525.

[5] I. W. Donald, B. L. Metcalfe, and L. A. Gerrard, Interfacial reactions in glass-ceramic-to- metal seals, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 91, (2008), 715-720.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.02024.x

[6] L. D. Haws, D. P. Kramer, W. E. Moddeman, and G. W. Wooten, High strength glass- ceramic-to-metal seals, Technical Report MLM-3288(OP), Dec. (1985).

DOI: 10.2172/6910209

[7] F. Hong, and D. Holland, Bonding glass ceramics to high temperature alloys, Surface & Coating Tech., 39/40, (1989), 19-27.

DOI: 10.1016/0257-8972(89)90037-6

[8] F. Hong, and D. Holland, Studies of interface reactions between glass ceramic coatings and metals, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 112, (1989), 357-363.

DOI: 10.1016/0022-3093(89)90553-x

[9] J. W. Fergus, Review: Sealants for solid oxide fuel cells, J. Power Sources, 147, (2005), 46- 57.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.05.002

[10] S. T. Reis, and R. K. Brow, Designing sealing glasses for solid oxide fuel cells, J. Mater. Eng and Performance, 15, (2006), 410-413.

DOI: 10.1361/105994906x117206

[11] R. N. Singh, Sealing technology for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., 4, (2007), 134-144.

[12] M. K. Mahapatra, and K. Lu, Glass-based seals for solid oxide fuel and electrolyzer cells - A review, Mater. Sci. Eng. R., 67, (2010), 65-85.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2009.12.002

[13] J. Pascual, A. Guillet, and A. Durán, Optimization of glass-ceramic sealant compositions in the system MgO-BaO-SiO2 for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), J. Power Sources, 169, (2007), 40-46.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.01.040

[14] R. Wang, Z. Lu, C. Liu, R. Zhu, X. Huang, B. Wei, N. Ai, and W. Su, Characteristics of a SiO2-B2O3-Al2O3-BaCO3-PbO2-ZnO glass-ceramic sealant for SOFCs, Jnl. Alloys and Compounds, 423, (2007), 189-193.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.05.105

[15] P. Jinhua, S. Kening, Z. Naiqing, and C. Xinbing, Sealing glass of barium-calcium- aluminosilicate system for solid oxide fuel cells, J. Rare Earths, 25, (2007), 434-438.

DOI: 10.1016/s1002-0721(07)60451-7

[16] A. Goel, D. U. Tulyaganov, V. V. Kharton, A. A. Yaremchenko, and J. M. F. Ferreira, The effect of Cr2O3 addition on crystallization and properties of La2O3-containing diopside glass- ceramics, Acta Materialia, 56, (2008), 3065-3076.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2008.02.036

[17] S. Ghosh, A. Das Sharma, P. Kundu, S. Mahanty, and R. N. Basu, Development and characterization of BaO-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramic sealants for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell application, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 354, (2008).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2008.05.036

[18] K. D. Meinhardt, D-S. Kim, Y-S, Chou, and K. S. Weil, Synthesis and properties of a barium aluminosilicate solid oxide fuel cell glass-ceramic seal, J. Power Sources, 182, (2008), 188- 196.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.03.079

[19] E. V. Stephens, J. S. Vetrano, B. J. Koeppel, Y. Chou, X. Sun, and M. A. Khaleel, Experimental characterization of glass-ceramic seal properties and their constitutive implementation in solid oxide fuel cell stack models, J. Power Sources, 193, (2009).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.02.080

[20] A. Goel, D. U. Tulyaganov, V. V. Kharton, A. A. Yaremchenko, S. Eriksson, and J. M. F. Ferreira, Optimzation of La2O3-containing diopside based glass-ceramic sealants for fuel cell applications, J. Power Sources, 189, (2009), 1032-1043.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.01.013

[21] S-F. Wang, Y-R. Wang, Y-F. Hsu, and C-C. Chuang, Effect of additives on the thermal properties and sealing characteristic of BaO-Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramic for solid oxide fuel cell application, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 34, (2009).

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.07.094

[22] S. Ghosh, A. D. Sharma, A. K. Mukhopadhyay, P. Kundu, and R. N. Basu, Effect of BaO addition on magnesium lanthanum alumino borosilicate-based glass-ceramic sealant for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 35, (2010).

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.10.006

[23] T. Sun, H. Xiao, W. Guo, and X. Hong, Effect of Al2O3 content on BaO-Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2 glass sealant for solid oxide fuel cell, Ceram. Int., 36, (2010), 821-826.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2009.09.045

[24] S. Sakuragi, Y. Funahashi, T. Suzuki, Y. Fujishiro, and M. Awano, J. Power Sources, 185, (2008), 1311-1314.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.08.081

[25] F. Smeacetto, M. Salvo, M. Ferraris, J. Cho., and A. R. Boccaccini, Glass-ceramic seal to join Crofer 22 APU alloy to YSZ ceramic in planar SOFCs, J. Europ. Ceram. Soc., 28, (2008), 61- 68.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.05.006

[26] F. Smeacetto, M. Salvo, M. Ferraris, V. Casalegno, P. Asinari, and A. Chrysanthou, Characterization and performance of glass-ceramic sealant to join metallic interconnects to YSZ and anode-supported electrolyte in planar SOFs, J. Europ. Ceram. Soc., 28, (2008).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.03.035

[27] V. Kumar, A. Arora, O. P. Pandey, and K. Singh, Studies on thermal and structural properties of glasses as sealants for solid oxide fuel cells, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 33, (2008), 434-438.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.07.049

[28] F. Smeacetto, A. Chrysanthou, M. Salvo, Z. Zhang, and M. Ferraris, Performance and testing of glass-ceramic sealant used to join anode-supported-electrolyte to Crofer22APU in planar solid oxide fuel cells, J. Power Sources, 190, (2009).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.01.042

[29] A. Goel, D. U. Tulyaganov, V. V. Kharton, A. A. Yaremchenko, and J. M. F. Ferreira, Electrical behavior of aluminosilicate glass-ceramic sealants and their interaction with metallic solid oxide fuel cell interconnects, J. Power Sources, 195, (2010).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.08.007

[30] F. Smeacetto, M. Salvo, F. D. D'Hérin Bytner, P. Leone, and M. Ferraris, New glass and glass-ceramic sealants for planar solid oxide fuel cells, J. Europ. Ceram. Soc., 30, (2010), 933- 940.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2009.09.033

[31] N. Laorodphan, P. Namwong, W. Thiemsorn, M. Jaimasith, A. Wannagon, and T. Chairuangsri, A low silica, barium borate glass-ceramic for use as seals in planar SOFCs, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 355, (2009), 38-44.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2008.07.044

[32] Z. Yang, J. W. Stevenson, and K. D. Meinhardt, Chemical interactions of barium-calcium aluminosilicate-based sealing glasses with oxidation resistant alloys, Solid State Ionics, 160, (2003), 213-225.

DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2738(03)00160-7

[33] H. Tu, and U. Stimming, Advances, aging mechanisms and lifetime in solid-oxide fuel cells, J. Power Sources, 127, (2004), 284-293.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.025

[34] V. A. C. Haanappel, V. Shemet, S. M. Gross, Th. Koppitz, N. H. Menzler, M. Zahid, and W. J. Quadakkers, Behaviour of various glass-ceramic sealants with ferritic steels under simulated SOFC stack conditions, J. Power Sources, 150, (2005).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.02.015

[35] N. H. Menzler, D. Sebold, M. Zahid, S. M. Gross, and T. Koppitz, Interaction of metallic SOFC interconnect materials with glass-ceramic sealant in various atmospheres, J. Power Sources, 152, (2005), 156-167.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.02.072

[36] P. Batfalsky, V. A. C. Haanappel, J. Malzbender, N. H. Menzler, V. Shemet, I. C. Vinke, and R. W. Stenbrech, Chemical interaction between glass-ceramic sealants and interconnect steels in SOFC stacks, J. Power Sources, 155, (2006), 128-137.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.05.046

[37] W. Liu, X. Sun, and M. A. Khaleel, Predicting Young's modulus of glass/ceramic sealant for solid oxide fuel cell considering the combined effects of aging, micro-voids and self-healing, J. Power Sources, 185, (2008), 1193-1200.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.07.017

[38] Y-S. Chou, J. W. Stevenson, and P. Singh, Effect of pre-oxidation and environmental aging on the seal strength of a novel high-temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) sealing glass with metallic interconnect, J. Power Sources, 184, (2008).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.06.020

[39] T. Zhang, Q. Zhu, and Z. Xie, Modeling of cracking of the glass-based seals for solid oxide fuel cell, J. Power Sources, 188, (2009), 177-183.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.11.053

[40] L. Peng, and Q. Zhu, Thermal cycle stability of BaO-B2O3-SiO2 sealing glass, J. Power Sources, 194, (2009), 880-885.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.06.018

[41] J. Salem, and R. Tandon, Test method variability in slow crack growth properties of sealing glasses, Int. J. Fatigue, 32, (2010), 557-564.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2009.07.018

[42] W. N. Liu, X. Sun, B. Koeppel, and M. Khaleel, Experimental study of the aging and self- healing of the glass/ceramic sealant used in SOFCs, Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., 7, (2010), 22-29.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7402.2009.02417.x

[43] J. Milhans, M. Khaleel, X. Sun, M. Tehrani, M. Al-Haik, and H. Armestani, Creep properties of solid oxide fuel cell glass-ceramic seal G18, J. Power Sources, 195, (2010), 3631-3635.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.12.038

[44] H-T. Chang, C-K, Lin and C-K. Liu, Effects of crystallization on the high-temperature mechanical properties of a glass sealant for solid oxide fuel cell, J. Power Sources, 195, (2010), 3159-3165.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.12.008

[45] S. Suda, M. Matsumiya, K. Kawahara, and K. Jono, Thermal cycle reliability of glass/ceramic composite gas sealing materials, Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., 7, (2010), 49-54.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7402.2009.02450.x

[46] T. Jin, and K. Lu, Thermal stability of a new solid oxide fuel/electrolyzer cell seal glass, J. Power Sources, 195, (2010), 195-203.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.07.023

[47] J. A. Fernie and W. B. Hanson, Best practice for producing ceramic-metal bonds, Industrial Ceramics, 19, (1999), 172-175.