Organosilane Modification of Lignin and Lignosulfonate: Structure and Compatibility in PVDF Membrane

Abstract:

The high difference in surface tension between the filler and the polymer often constrains membrane compatibility. To reduce the surface tension, organosilane such as GPTMS is usually used to improve miscibility. In this study, GPTMS was introduced to produce lignin-GPTMS (LG) and lignosulfonate-GPTMS (LsG). The modification was done by reacting lignin and lignosulfonate with GPTMS using ethanol as the media. The product was characterized using Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and microscope. The success of functionalization was shown in FTIR spectra with the vibration of Si-O at 1034 cm^-1 and 528 cm^-1. The XRD analysis presents that the filler material has an amorph and crystalline structure. The functionalization using a 2:1 ratio increases zeta potential absolute and particle size due to the silane being a bridge and making a larger macromolecule. For a ratio of 1:1, a higher organosilane compound results in breaking siloxane linkages and making smaller molecules. Mixed LG and LsG into PVDF membrane conducted to analyze filler compatibility. The sulfonation and functionalization of GPTMS increase the compatibility of lignin in PVDF membrane with the best homogeneity achieved by a membrane with the addition of LsG 1:1.

• Periodical: Diffusion Foundations and Materials Applications (Volume 36)
• Pages: 27-36
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-DL8dG5
• Online since: November 2024
• Authors: Nala Ridhwanul Mu'izzah, Elva Yoga Saputra, Roshid Adi Nugroho, Muhamad Widyo Wartono, Edi Pramono*
• Keywords: GPTMS, Lignin, Lignosulfonate, Organosilane, PVDF

References

[1] P. Ganguly, S. Sengupta, P. Das, and A. Bhowal, 'Valorization of food waste: Extraction of cellulose, lignin and their application in energy use and water treatment', Fuel, vol. 280, p.118581, 2020.

DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118581

[2] M. R. Ridho et al., 'Lignin as Green Filler in Polymer Composites: Development Methods, Characteristics, and Potential Applications', Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 2022, 2022.

DOI: 10.1155/2022/1363481

[3] C. Huang, Z. Peng, J. Li, X. Li, X. Jiang, and Y. Dong, 'Unlocking the role of lignin for preparing the lignin-based wood adhesive: A review', Ind. Crops Prod., vol. 187, no. PA, p.115388, 2022.

DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115388

[4] R. C. Sun, 'Lignin Source and Structural Characterization', ChemSusChem, vol. 13, no. 17, p.4385–4393, 2020.

DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001324

[5] H. M. Wang, T. Q. Yuan, G. Y. Song, and R. C. Sun, 'Advanced and versatile lignin-derived biodegradable composite film materials toward a sustainable world', Green Chem., vol. 23, no. 11, p.3790–3817, 2021.

DOI: 10.1039/d1gc00790d

[6] A. Ovejero-Pérez, V. Rigual, J. C. Domínguez, M. V. Alonso, M. Oliet, and F. Rodriguez, 'Organosolv and ionosolv processes for autohydrolyzed poplar fractionation: Lignin recovery and characterization', Int. J. Biol. Macromol., vol. 197, no. August 2021, p.131–140, 2022.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.079

[7] R. E. de Souza, F. José Borges Gomes, E. O. Brito, and R. C. Costa Lelis, 'A review on lignin sources and uses', J. Appl. Biotechnol. Bioeng., no. March 2022, p.100–105, 2020.

DOI: 10.15406/jabb.2020.07.00222

[8] Y. Li, F. Li, Y. Yang, B. Ge, and F. Meng, 'Research and application progress of lignin-based composite membrane', J. Polym. Eng., vol. 41, no. 4, p.245–258, 2021.

DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2020-0268

[9] M. Mariana et al., 'A current advancement on the role of lignin as sustainable reinforcement material in biopolymeric blends', J. Mater. Res. Technol., vol. 15, p.2287–2316, 2021.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.08.139

[10] S. Sahoo, M. Misra, and A. K. Mohanty, 'Enhanced properties of lignin-based biodegradable polymer composites using injection moulding process', Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 42, no. 11, p.1710–1718, 2011.

DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.07.025

[11] C. Ma, T. H. Kim, K. Liu, M. G. Ma, S. E. Choi, and C. Si, 'Multifunctional Lignin-Based Composite Materials for Emerging Applications', Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., vol. 9, no. July, p.1–12, 2021.

DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.708976

[12] K. Chen, P. Li, X. Li, C. Liao, X. Li, and Y. Zuo, 'Effect of silane coupling agent on compatibility interface and properties of wheat straw/polylactic acid composites', Int. J. Biol. Macromol., vol. 182, no. June, p.2108–2116, 2021.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.207

[13] S. Bairagi and S. W. Ali, 'Effects of surface modification on electrical properties of KNN nanorod-incorporated PVDF composites', J. Mater. Sci., vol. 54, no. 17, p.11462–11484, 2019.

DOI: 10.1007/s10853-019-03719-x

[14] A. Basith, Venny, A. F. Ni'mah, N. R. Mu'izzah, G. P. W. Sejati, and E. Pramono, 'Effect of Organosilane Functionalization of Kaolinite In Structure and Thermal Properties', J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 2556, no. 1, p.012015, 2023.

DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2556/1/012015

[15] C. Qin, W. Lu, Z. He, G. Qi, J. Li, and X. Hu, 'Effect of silane treatment on mechanical properties of polyurethane/mesoscopic fly ash composites', Polymers (Basel)., vol. 11, no. 4, p.1–16, 2019.

DOI: 10.3390/polym11040741

[16] R. Liu et al., 'A Versatile Approach Towards the Fast Fabrication of Highly-Permeable Polymer Mesoporous Membranes', ChemistrySelect, vol. 1, no. 12, p.3049–3053, 2016.

DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600256

[17] M. Waqas et al., 'Multifunctional Cathodic Interlayer with Polysulfide Immobilization Mechanism for High-Performance Li-S Batteries', ChemistrySelect, vol. 5, no. 38, p.12009–12019, 2020.

DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003381

[18] J. Ji, F. Liu, N. A. Hashim, M. R. M. Abed, and K. Li, 'Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes for fluid separation', React. Funct. Polym., vol. 86, p.134–153, 2015.

DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2014.09.023

[19] R. S. Silitonga et al., 'The modification of PVDF membrane via crosslinking with chitosan and glutaraldehyde as the crosslinking agent', Indones. J. Chem., vol. 18, no. 1, p.1–6, 2018.

DOI: 10.22146/ijc.25127

[20] R. A. Nugroho et al., 'Comprehensive Study of Physicochemical Properties in Poly‐ Vinylidene Fluoride', vol. 9, no. e202304113, p.1–9, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ slct.202304113.

[21] N. R. Mu'izzah, P. Z. Hapsari, N. P. Aulia, D. W. T. Wulansari, F. Azhari, and E. Pramono, 'Utilization of Lignin and Lignosulfonate from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches as Filler in PVDF Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell', Indones. J. Chem., vol. 23, no. 4, p.1042–1053, 2023.

DOI: 10.22146/ijc.81750

[22] N. A. Zakaria et al., 'Lignin modified PVDF membrane with antifouling properties for oil filtration', J. Water Process Eng., vol. 43, p.102248, 2021.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102248

[23] H. Mao et al., 'PVDF ultrafiltration membrane with enhanced mechanical and filtration performance by hydrophilic pH-response nanofibers modification', Sep. Purif. Technol., vol. 314, no. February, p.123613, 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123613

[24] Harmaja Simatupang, Andi Nata, and Netti Herlina, 'Studi Isolasi Dan Rendemen Lignin Dari Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (Tkks)', J. Tek. Kim. USU, vol. 1, no. 1, p.20–24, 2012.

DOI: 10.32734/jtk.v1i1.1401

[25] N. Thungphotrakul, P. Dittanet, S. Loykulnunt, S. Tanpichai, and P. Parpainainar, 'Synthesis of sodium lignosulfonate from lignin extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunches by acid/alkaline treatment for reinforcement in natural rubber composites', IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 526, no. 1, 2019.

DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/526/1/012022

[26] E. Pramono, G. P. W. Sejati, S. Wahyuningsih, and C. Purnawan, 'Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)/Modified Clay Hybrid Membrane for Humic Acid and Methylene Blue Filtration', Indones. J. Chem., vol. 23, no. 2, p.425–437, 2023.

DOI: 10.22146/ijc.78979

[27] E. Pramono et al., 'Cellulose derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches as filler on polyvinylidene fluoride based membrane for water containing humic acid treatment', Groundw. Sustain. Dev., vol. 17, no. October 2021, p.100744, 2022.

DOI: 10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100744

[28] W. Tian, H. Li, J. Zhou, and Y. Guo, 'Preparation, characterization and the adsorption characteristics of lignin/silica nanocomposites from cellulosic ethanol residue', RSC Adv., vol. 7, no. 65, p.41176–41181, 2017.

DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06322a

[29] N. F. Sayakulu and S. Soloi, 'The Effect of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Concentration on Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) Cellulose Yield', J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 2314, no. 1, 2022.

DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2314/1/012017

[30] O. K. Karimov, G. A. Teptereva, I. A. Chetvertneva, E. M. Movsumzade, and E. K. Karimov, 'The structure of lignosulfonates for production of carbon catalyst support', IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 839, no. 2, 2021.

DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/839/2/022086

[31] C. M. Popescu and M. Broda, 'Interactions between different organosilicons and archaeological waterlogged wood evaluated by infrared spectroscopy', Forests, vol. 12, no. 3, p.1–16, 2021.

DOI: 10.3390/f12030268

[32] K. F. El-Nemr, H. R. Mohamed, M. A. Ali, R. M. Fathy, and A. S. Dhmees, 'Polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin irradiated blends filled by lignin as green filler for antimicrobial packaging materials', Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., vol. 100, no. 14, p.1578–1602, 2020.

DOI: 10.1080/03067319.2019.1657108

[33] G. Cui, X. Wang, J. Xun, and T. Lou, 'Microwave assisted synthesis and characterization of a ternary flocculant from chitosan, acrylamide and lignin', Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., vol. 123, p.269–275, 2017.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2017.07.011

[34] J. Zhang, X. Zhao, Q. Kong, X. Wang, and T. Lou, 'Preparation of chitosan/DADMAC/lignin terpolymer and its application of dye wastewater flocculation', Polym. Bull., vol. 79, no. 9, p.7479–7490, 2022.

DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03863-y

[35] J. Sameni, S. Krigstin, D. dos S. Rosa, A. Leao, and M. Sain, 'Thermal characteristics of lignin residue from industrial processes', BioResources, vol. 9, no. 1, p.725–737, 2014.

DOI: 10.15376/biores.9.1.725-737

[36] N. Zhou, W. P. D. W. Thilakarathna, Q. S. He, and H. P. V. Rupasinghe, 'A Review: Depolymerization of Lignin to Generate High-Value Bio-Products: Opportunities, Challenges, and Prospects', Front. Energy Res., vol. 9, no. January, p.1–18, 2022, doi: 10.3389/fenrg. 2021.758744.

DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2021.758744

[37] L. Serrano, J. A. Cecilia, C. García-Sancho, and A. García, 'Lignin Depolymerization to BTXs', Top. Curr. Chem., vol. 377, no. 5, p.1–28, 2019.

DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0251-6

[38] N. S. Rosli, S. Harun, J. M. Jahim, and R. Othaman, 'Pencirian kimia dan fizikal bagi tandan kosong buah kelapa sawit', Malaysian J. Anal. Sci., vol. 21, no. 1, p.188–196, 2017.

DOI: 10.17576/mjas-2017-2101-22

[39] L. P. Santi, D. N. Kalbuadi, and D. H. Goenadi, 'Empty Fruit Bunches as Potential Source for Biosilica Fertilizer for Oil Palm', J. Trop. Biodivers. Biotechnol., vol. 4, no. 3, p.90–96, 2019.

DOI: 10.22146/jtbb.38749