Starch/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Eggsheell (Starch/PVA/EG) Blend Membranes with Turmeric Extract as a pH Responsive Sheets

Abstract:

Starch-based blend membranes is widely us in many application due to their biodegradability and low cost. Starch/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Eggsheell (Starch/PVA/EG) membranes were prepared with turmeric extract as a pH-responsive agent. Turmeric extract has good antioxidant activity and could act as a biosensor that changes color in different pH conditions. This research aims to study the effect of eggshells amount in the blend membranes on its thermal and pH-responsive properties. Starch/PVA/EG sheet was prepared by slip casting method. For pH responsiveness, the sheets were immersed into turmeric extract with 0,5 mg/mL in concentration for 24 hours and dried. Turmeric extract was analyzed using a spectrophotometer UV Visible to observe its response to pH and antioxidant activity. A pH-responsive sheet then analyzed the functional groups, thermal character, and the sheet's response in various pH conditions. A spectrophotometer UV Visible analysis shows that turmeric extract has shifted optimum peak in different pH conditions. An IC50 value of turmeric extract was 14.802 mg/L. Functional groups analysis showed that increasing eggshell addition had shifted peak of carbonyl groups at 1737 cm^-1 to 1627 cm^-1. Presence of CO₃^2- in Starch/PVA/EG sheets were confirmed by peak at 889.18 cm^-1. A DSC analysis results the highest thermal stability was obtained by 50% EG. All the starch/PVA/EG sheets gave response to pH change.

• Periodical: Engineering Headway (Volume 25)
• Pages: 9-20
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-rvpmE1
• Online since: July 2025
• Authors: Intan Syahbanu*, Siti Qomariah, Irene Utami
• Keywords: Eggshell, pH-Responsive, Polyvinyl Alcohol, Starch

References

[1] D. Schaefer and W. M. Cheung, "Smart Packaging: Opportunities and Challenges," Procedia CIRP, vol. 72, p.1022–1027, 2018.

DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2018.03.240

[2] Z. Wu et al., "Preparation and application of starch/polyvinyl alcohol/citric acid ternary blend antimicrobial functional food packaging films," Polymers (Basel)., vol. 9, no. 3, p.1–19, 2017.

DOI: 10.3390/polym9030102

[3] E. Syafri, A. Kasim, H. Abral, and A. Asben, "Effect of precipitated calcium carbonate on physical, mechanical and thermal properties of cassava starch bioplastic composites," Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol., vol. 7, no. 5, p.1950–1956, 2017.

DOI: 10.18517/ijaseit.7.5.1292

[4] M. Shanmathy, M. Mohanta, and A. Thirugnanam, "Development of biodegradable bioplastic films from Taro starch reinforced with bentonite," Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl., vol. 2, no. August, p.100173, 2021.

DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100173

[5] N. Kasmuri and M.S.A. Zait, "Enhancement of bio-plastic using eggshells and chitosan on potato starch based," Int. J. Eng. Technol., vol. 7, no. 3, p.110–115, 2018.

DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i3.32.18408

[6] J. Mao, S. Li, J. Huang, K. Meng, G. Chen, and Y. Lai, "Recent Advances of Multifunctional Cellulose-Based Hydrogels," no. August 2019, p.37–64, 2019.

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77830-3_5

[7] A. Jayakumar et al., "Starch-PVA composite films with zinc-oxide nanoparticles and phytochemicals as intelligent pH sensing wraps for food packaging application," Int. J. Biol. Macromol., vol. 136, no. September, p.395–403, 2019.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.018

[8] P. Mustafa et al., "PVA/starch/propolis/anthocyanins rosemary extract composite films as active and intelligent food packaging materials," J. Food Saf., vol. 40, no. 1, 2020.

DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12725

[9] P. Rachtanapun et al., "Characterization of chitosan film incorporated with curcumin extract," Polymers (Basel)., vol. 13, no. 6, p.1–15, 2021.

DOI: 10.3390/polym13060963

[10] J. Wati and H. Hasby, "Analisis Aktivitas Antosianin dari Buah Senggani (Melastoma candidum L.), Kulit Kopi (Coffea arabica L.), dan Ubi Jalar Ungu (Ipomea batatas L.) Sebagai Indikator Asam Basa," KATALIS J. Penelit. Kim. dan Pendidik. Kim., vol. 3, no. 2, p.1–6, 2021.

DOI: 10.33059/katalis.v3i2.3107

[11] S. Qomariah, I. Syahbanu, and P. Ardiningsih, "Bioplastic Based on Taro Starch Modified Polyvinyl Alcohol and Eggshell (Starch-PVA-CT) with Degradability Study," EduChemia (Jurnal Kim. dan Pendidikan), vol. 7, no. 2, p.223, 2022.

DOI: 10.30870/educhemia.v7i2.14660

[12] P. Mustafa et al., "Improving functional properties of PVA/starch-based films as active and intelligent food packaging by incorporating propolis and anthocyanin," Polym. Polym. Compos., vol. 29, no. 9, p.1472–1484, 2021.

DOI: 10.1177/0967391120973503

[13] T. D. Huynh, "Starch recovery from turmeric powder (Curcuma longa) after ethanol curcumin extraction in comparison to the conventional method," J. Agric. Dev., vol. 20, no. 6, p.69–78, 2022.

DOI: 10.52997/jad.8.06.2021

[14] J. S. Jurenka, "Anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin, a major constituent of Curcuma longa: A review of preclinical and clinical research," Altern. Med. Rev., vol. 14, no. 2, p.141–153, 2009.

[15] A. Wulandari, T. C. Sunarti, F. Fahma, and T. Enomae, "The potential of bioactives as biosensors for detection of pH," IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 460, no. 1, 2020.

DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/460/1/012034

[16] U.J. Eke-Okoro, R.B. Raffa, J.V. Pergolizzi Jr, F. Breve, and R. Taylor Jr, "Curcumin in turmeric: Basic and clinical evidence for a potential role in analgesia." J Clin Pharm Ther., p.460–466, 2018.

DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12703

[17] W.-H. Lee, C.-Y. Loo, M. Bebawy, F. Luk, R. Mason, and R. Rohanizadeh, "Curcumin and its Derivatives: Their Application in Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience in the 21st Century," Curr. Neuropharmacol., vol. 11, no. 4, p.338–378, 2013.

DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311040002

[18] S.A. Rege, M. Arya, and S.A. Momin, "Structure activity relationship of tautomers of curcumin: a review," Ukr. Food J., vol. 8, no. 1, p.45–60, 2019.

DOI: 10.24263/2304-974x-2019-8-1-6

[19] A. N. Romainor, S. F. Chin, and S. Lihan, "Antimicrobial Starch-Based Film for Food Packaging Application." Starch ; Wiley-VCH GmbH, p.2100207 (1–9), 2022.

DOI: 10.1002/star.202100207

[20] J. Carvalho, J. Araujo, and F. Castro, "Alternative low-cost adsorbent for water and wastewater decontamination derived from eggshell waste: An overview," Waste and Biomass Valorization, vol. 2, no. 2, p.157–167, 2011.

DOI: 10.1007/s12649-010-9058-y

[21] G. Bin Cai et al., "1,3-Diamino-2-hydroxypropane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid stabilized amorphous calcium carbonate: Nucleation, transformation and crystal growth," CrystEngComm, vol. 12, no. 1, p.234–241, 2010.

DOI: 10.1039/b911426m

[22] D. Yanagisawa et al., "Relationship between the tautomeric structures of curcumin derivatives and their Aβ-binding activities in the context of therapies for Alzheimer's disease," Biomaterials, vol. 31, no. 14, p.4179–4185, 2010.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.142

[23] C. Medina-Jaramillo, O. Ochoa-Yepes, C. Bernal, and L. Famá, "Active and smart biodegradable packaging based on starch and natural extracts," Carbohydr. Polym., vol. 176, no. May, p.187–194, 2017.

DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.079