Paper Titles
Spatial and Temporal Variations in Macroalgal Biodiversity on the Intertidal Rocky Shores of the Doukkala Coast (Atlantic Morocco)
p.3
Assessment of Morphological Change of El Jadida Bay (Morocco) through Topographic Surveys
p.21
Ethnobotany Study of Five Medicinal Plants Used in the Beni Ammart (North of Morocco)
p.33
Geotechnical and Geological Data Management in Urban Environments: A Case Study of Casablanca, Morocco
p.49
Physico-Chemical Characterization of Groundwater in the Saiss Aquifer, Located in the Sebou Basin, Northern Morocco
p.61
Monitoring the Hygienic Quality of well and Spring Water Using GIS: A Case Study in the Taza Region (Morocco)
p.77
Numerical Simulation of Water Transfer in Unsaturated Soils: Evaluating the Effects of Temperature and Root Activity in Water Distribution
p.87
Investigating the Calco-Carbonic Balance of Drinking Water in Taza Morocco Using Principal Component Analysis and Multiple Linear Regression
p.101
Isotopic and Hydrochemical Analysis of the Ghis-Nekor Aquifer Morocco: Origin of Salinity and Groundwater Quality
p.117

Investigating the Calco-Carbonic Balance of Drinking Water in Taza Morocco Using Principal Component Analysis and Multiple Linear Regression

Article Preview

Abstract:

This study investigates the calco-carbonic balance of drinking water in Taza, Morocco, a critical parameter for ensuring water quality and preserving distribution infrastructure. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) with Statistica 12, we examine the interactions between the physicochemical parameters and the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI). The study highlights the difficulty of factors influencing this balance, which is crucial for preventing scaling. Scaling can lead to reduced water flow, decreased energy efficiency, increased maintenance costs, premature equipment wear, and deterioration of water quality. The results identify the parameters impacting this balance, including temperature, total hardness, dissolved oxygen, and pH. PCA enabled us to extract valuable insights from physicochemical analyses, revealing significant correlations between these parameters and suggesting optimization strategies.The predictive model for the Langelier Saturation Index, with a determination coefficient (R² = 0.925) and a standard error (σerr = 0.07), provides a valuable tool for expecting and correcting imbalances, therefore ensuring better management of drinking water quality in Taza.

You might also be interested in these eBooks
The 2nd International Conference on Civil Engineering and Materials: Selected Papers on Environmental Research and Water Resourses View Preview

Info:

Periodical:

Engineering Headway (Volume 32)

Pages:

101-116

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/p-LD9gos

Citation:

Cite this paper

Online since:

January 2026

Authors:

Imane Es-Smiri*, Mohammed Machkor, Faiza Chaouket

Keywords:

Calco-Carbonic Balance, Langelier Saturation Index, Mathematical Modeling, MLR, PCA, Water

Export:

RIS, BibTeX

Price:

Permissions CCC:

Request Permissions

Permissions PLS:

Request Permissions

Сopyright:

© 2026 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Share:

Citation:

* - Corresponding Author

References

[1] A. Gholizadeh, A., Mokhtari, M., Naimi, N., Shiravand, B., Ehrampoush, M. H., Miri, M., & Ebrahimi, "Assessment of corrosion and scaling potential in groundwater resources; a case study of Yazd-Ardakan Plain, Iran," Groundw. Sustain. Dev. J., vol. 5, p.59–65, 2017.

DOI: 10.1016/j.gsd.2017.04.002

Google Scholar

[2] W. F. Langelier, "Chemical Equilibria in Water Treatment," J. Am. Water Work. Assoc., vol. 38, no. 2, p.169–178, 1946, [Online]. Available: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23349196

Google Scholar

[3] B. Hamrotmp and M. Dhahbi, "Calco-carbonic equilibrium calculation," vol. 4, 2002.

Google Scholar

[4] S.BENSLIMANE, "Etude chimique des eaux naturelles en ALGERIE (Région de Batna) : Développement des méthodes expérimentales et de calculs pour l'étude des propriétés (équilibre calco-carbonique, corrosion, dépôts, …) et du traitement (déminéralisation, conditionnement…)," Université El-Hadj Lakhdar - BATNA 1, Faculté des Sciences de la Matière, 2017.

DOI: 10.22453/lsj-017.2.104116

Google Scholar

[5] R. A. Yousefi, Z., Kazemi, F., Mohammadpour, "Assessment of scale formation and corrosion of drinking water supplies in Ilam city (Iran)," Environ. Heal. Eng. Manag. J., vol. 3, no. 2, p.75–80, 2016.

DOI: 10.15171/ehem.2016.04

Google Scholar

[6] H. C. Vasconcelos, B. M. Fernández-Pérez, S. González, R. M. Souto, and J. J. Santana, "Characterization of the corrosive action of mineral waters from thermal sources: A case study at Azores archipelago, Portugal," Water (Switzerland), vol. 7, no. 7, p.3515–3530, 2015.

DOI: 10.3390/w7073515

Google Scholar

[7] L. El Baroudi, H., Ouazzani, C., Moustaghfir, A., Er-Ramly, A., El Baroudi, Y., Dami, A., & Balouch, "Assessing the Corrosion and Scaling Potential of Drinking Water in Morocco Using Water Stability Indices," Ecol. Eng. Environ. Technol., vol. 25, no. 2, p.130–139, 2024.

DOI: 10.12912/27197050/175970

Google Scholar

[8] E. S. Iwona Skoczko, "Treatment Method Assessment of the Impact on the Corrosivity and Aggressiveness for the Boiler Feed Water," water, vol. 11, 2019, doi:.

DOI: 10.3390/w11101965

Google Scholar

[9] Y. Sun, X. Wang, C. Zhang, and M. Zuo, "Multiple Regression : Methodology and Applications," Highlights Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 49, p.542–548, 2023.

Google Scholar

[10] A. L. BAKOUAN, C., GUEL, B., & HANTSON, "Physicochemical characterization of ground waters in Tanlili and Lilgomdé villages in the Northern region of Burkina Faso-Correlation between the physicochemical parameters," Afrique Sci., vol. 13, no. 6, p.325–337, 2017, [Online]. Available: http://www.afriquescience.info

Google Scholar

[11] I. Touzani, M. Machkor, O. Boudouch, I. El Machrafi, R. Flouchi, and K. Fikri-Benbrahim, "Evaluation of physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of effluents in TAZA hospital- oroccoapplication of principal component analysis (Pca)," Pollut. Res., vol. 39, no. 4, p.872–878, 2020.

DOI: 10.1155/2020/9168569

Google Scholar

[12] S. Chtita, "Modélisation de molécules organiques hétérocycliques biologiquement actives par des méthodes QSAR / QSPR. Recherche de nouveaux médicaments," UNIVERSITE MOULAY ISMAIL, FACULTE DES SCIENCES, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01568788

Google Scholar

[13] M. E. L. Haji, S. Boutaleb, and R. Laamarti, "Qualité des eaux de surface et souterraine de la région de Taza (Maroc) : bilan et situation des eaux," Afrique Sci. Rev. Int. des Sci. Technol., vol. 8, no. 1, p.67–78, 2012.

DOI: 10.4314/afsci.v1i1.35402

Google Scholar

[14] N. Bouizrou, I., Chahinian, N., Jean-Louis Perrin, J. L., Müller, R., & Rais, "Network representation in hydrological modelling on urban catchments in data-scarce contexts : A case study on the Oued Fez catchment ( Morocco )," J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud., vol. 34, 2021.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrh.2021.100800

Google Scholar

[15] L. M. Mohammed MACHKOR, "OPTIMIZATION OF RAW WATER INTAKE LEVEL IN A DAM RESERVOIR," Int. J. Eng. Res. Gen. Sci. ISSN 2091-2730, vol. 4, no. 5, 2016.

Google Scholar

[16] & coll. Rodier, J., LEGUBE, B., MERLET, N., Water Analysis, 9th editio., no. 1. Dunod, Paris, 2009. [Online]. Available: www.dunod.com

Google Scholar

[17] A. Phosphate, Water Quality Simulation for Scale and Corrosion for Scale and Corrosion Lead & Copper Minimization.

Google Scholar

[18] J. Mata, "Interpretation of concrete dam behaviour with artificial neural network and multiple linear regression models," Eng. Struct., vol. 33, no. 3, p.903–910, 2011.

DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.12.011

Google Scholar

[19] D. M. Fouad LAAJINE, Mohammed MACHKOR, "Statistical Modelling Based on Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Method of Pumps Performance in a Pumping Station for Drinking Water Production," Res. Sq., 2022.

DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1530011/v1

Google Scholar

[20] F. Bezazi, A., Amroune, S., & Scarpa, "Statistical analysis and effect of chemical treatment on the physico- mechanical behavior of fibres from date-palm fruit branches," Rev. Sci. Technol., vol. 31, p.108–120, 2015.

DOI: 10.12816/0027867

Google Scholar

[21] S. H. Samir AMRANI, "USING HYDROGEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS (P.C.A) IN EXPLAINING THE CHIMISTRY OF GROUNDWATER IN THE WATER PLIO-QUATERNARY BETWEEN TIMAHDITE AND ALMIS GUIGOU (MIDDLE ATLAS, MOROCCO).," ScienceLib, vol. 6, 2014, [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364476552

Google Scholar

[22] I. Touzani, M. Machkor, O. Boudouch, I. El Machrafi, R. Flouchi, and K. Fikri-Benbrahim, "Environmental impact assessment of Taza City's Wastewater: Application through principal component analysis," Scientifica (Cairo)., vol. 2020, 2020.

DOI: 10.1155/2020/9168569

Google Scholar

[23] NM 03.7.002, "Approved Moroccan Standard: Control and Monitoring of the Quality of Water for Food Use in Public Supply Networks," 2011.

Google Scholar

[24] NM 03.7.001, "Approved Moroccan Standard: Quality of Water for Human Consumption," p.1–14, 2006.

Google Scholar

[25] I. Es-Smiri, M. Machkor, I. Aoueryagel, F. Chaouket, I. Raissouni, and D. Bouchta, "Modeling the corrosivity and scaling of drinking water distributed in Morocco using multiple linear regression," Ecol. Eng. Environ. Technol., vol. 26, no. 7, p.352–364, 2025.

DOI: 10.12912/27197050/205530

Google Scholar

[26] J. Ahmed E.S and M. G. G, "Evaluation of the corrosion inhibition potential of Azadirachta indica leaves on thermo mechanically treated steel rebars using an artificial neural network, electrochemical and spectroscopic approach," Cogent Eng., vol. 11, no. 1, p., 2024.

DOI: 10.1080/23311916.2024.2392208

Google Scholar

[27] L. Portolés Falomir, "Chapter 5. Results and discussion," Multiling. Very Young Learn., no. 2013, p.123–166, 2015.

DOI: 10.1515/9781501500022-009

Google Scholar

[28] X. Xu et al., "Water quality induced corrosion of stainless steel valves during long-term service in a reverse osmosis system," J. Environ. Sci. (China), vol. 89, no. November, p.218–226, 2020.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.10.008

Google Scholar

[29] C. Chesneau, "Regression models," University of Caen Basse-Normandie, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://cel.archives-ouvertes.fr/cel-01248297v1

Google Scholar

[30] F. L. Oswald, "Interpreting Multiple Linear Regression : A Guidebook of Variable Interpreting Multiple Linear Regression : A Guidebook of Variable Importance," ScholarWorks, vol. 17, 2012.

Google Scholar

[31] M. Tranmer, M., Murphy, J., Elliot, M., & Pampaka, Multiple Linear Regression, 2nd editio. 2020. [Online]. Available: https://hummedia.manchester.ac.uk/institutes/cmist/a rchive-publications/working-papers/2020/2020-1- multiple-linear-regression.pdf

Google Scholar

[32] Y. FELLAK, "Modeling the Structure and Growth of the Zen Oak (Quercus canariensis Willd) in the Akfadou-West Forest (Tizi-Ouzou)," UNIVERSITY MOULOUD MAMMERI DE TIZI OUZOU, 2020.

DOI: 10.15676/ijeei.2014.6.1.7

Google Scholar

[33] P. Delacroix, E., Jolibert, A., Monnot, E., & Jourdan, "Chapter 12. Regression analyses," Mark. Res., p.357–395, 2021.

DOI: 10.3917/dunod.delac.2021.01.0357

Google Scholar

[34] M. EL OUCHY, "Suivi d'indicateurs de pollution des eaux d'irrigation dans la région de Fès, étude d'impact," Université Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah Faculté des Sciences Dhar El Mahraz- Fès, 2018.

DOI: 10.35940/ijeat.d7357.049420

Google Scholar