Engineering Headway Vol. 33

Abstract: The need for effective security in residential landscapes and the reduction of energy consumption in connection with home management activities have led to a growing interest in the field of smart home technology. Smart home is an emerging field of technology transforming how people live and interact with their homes. This research develops a smart home automation system with a microcontroller to enhance energy efficiency, safety, and convenience through wireless control of household appliance operations. The system employs two modes of control: manual and automatic. The manual mode offers control and monitoring capabilities through a web application, accessible globally. The automatic mode provides security alerts and intelligent appliance control, minimizing the need for human intervention. The effectiveness of integrating a microcontroller with various sensors and relays for home automation is demonstrated, with a Digital Humidity and Temperature (DHT11) sensor and a Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MQ-5) gas sensor performing reliably with an accuracy rate of nearly 90%, and the light-dependent resistor (LDR) achieving a success rate of over 89%. The energy saving and safety achieved by applying the developed smart home automation system in this study demonstrate the viability of microcontroller-based smart home solutions

Abstract: Water quality monitoring is crucial in various fields, including environmental protection, aquaculture, and industrial processes. One of the most critical parameters in water quality assessment is pH, which indicates the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Traditional pH monitoring methods, such as colorimetric techniques, are often subjective and unsuitable for continuous measurement. Meanwhile, while accurate, commercial electronic pH meters are expensive and inaccessible for small-scale applications. This study presents the design and implementation of a cost-effective, real-time pH monitoring device using Arduino technology. The device integrates a pH sensor probe, an Arduino Uno microcontroller, and an LCD display to provide accurate and immediate pH readings. The system was calibrated using standard buffer solutions (pH 4.0 and pH 7.0) and tested against a standard laboratory pH meter. Experimental results demonstrated that the constructed device had an average error margin of ±0.04 and ±0.02 for the standard buffer solutions, respectively, making it a viable alternative for small-scale and field applications. Additionally, the system exhibited a fast response time of 3–5 seconds, ensuring real-time monitoring capability. The total project cost was approximately ₦136,400, significantly lower than commercial pH meters, which range between ₦3,000,000 and ₦5,000,000. The study highlights the feasibility of using open-source electronics for cost-effective environmental monitoring. Future improvements, such as wireless connectivity, temperature compensation, and multi-parameter sensing, could further enhance its functionality. This research contributes to the development of affordable and reliable pH monitoring solutions, particularly in resource-limited settings, making it a valuable tool for water quality management.

Abstract: This paper presents the comprehensive design and integration of the charging system, power train, and control system for a solar-powered geared tricycle, aimed at providing a sustainable and energy-efficient mode of transport. The tricycle is powered by a photovoltaic (PV) charging system, which includes a solar panel array, charge controller, and battery storage system designed for optimal energy harvesting and utilization under variable solar conditions. The power train incorporates a DC motor in combination with a manually operated gear system, allowing both electric and human propulsion to enhance range and performance. The control system features a microcontroller-based unit that manages motor speed, power distribution, battery monitoring, and safety protocols through real-time feedback mechanisms.This hybrid configuration not only maximizes energy efficiency and reliability but also ensures ease of use and adaptability in urban and semi-urban environments. The incorporated solar charging indicates significant improvements in energy autonomy, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impact compared to conventional fuel-powered tricycles. The work demonstrates the viability of integrating renewable energy with smart control systems in low-speed electric tricycle for transportation.

Abstract: This paper presents the design, modeling, and analysis of a solar-powered geared tricycle intended to provide an efficient, eco-friendly alternative for personal mobility. The work integrates mechanical, electrical, and structural engineering principles to ensure dynamic performance, structural integrity, and overall stability under varying operational conditions. A lightweight chassis, optimized using finite element analysis (FEA), is designed to withstand dynamic loads while maintaining low energy consumption. The drive system incorporates a multi-speed gear mechanism coupled with a high-efficiency brushless DC motor powered by a photovoltaic (PV) array and battery storage system, enabling hybrid propulsion. The dynamic behaviour of the tricycle, including acceleration, turning, and braking responses, is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate performance across urban terrains. Stability is assessed through center-of-gravity analysis, roll-over threshold calculations, and tilt angle monitoring to prevent tipping during sharp maneuvers. The integration of solar technology not only extends operational range but also reduces environmental impact, making the design suitable for sustainable transportation in developing and urban regions.

Abstract: The increasing adoption of automation and robotics to ease the complexities and stress involved in the transportation sector of the world has given birth to autonomous driving vehicles. It began with automating some parts of the system, such as the brake system, the gear system, navigation, and the like; these have grown to full autonomous systems of automobiles. However, autonomous vehicle designs available to date were all designed for urban communities where there are paved roads with signs. There is therefore a need to extend the technology to rural environments. The unique challenges presented by rural areas, such as complex and dynamic terrains, varying road conditions, limited infrastructure, and sparse population density, necessitate a dedicated focus on simulation. This study aims to contribute by designing and implementing a 3D simulation platform tailored to Nigerian road challenges. The methodology involves the design and simulation of an autonomous vehicle (AV) in a 3D environment using Unity Engine technology and C# programming. It covers the creation of a virtual environment that accurately represents Nigerian landscapes, the design of the AV, including the integration of virtual components, and the programming of vehicle dynamics. The programming of the autonomous vehicle involves path finding through Unity's NavMesh, sensor detection using ray casting, and a system for adjusting speed and steering based on sensor data. The methodology also outlines the development of a user interface for real-time information display. The modeled autonomous driving vehicle was tested by introducing obstruction from a 1m to 5m range while the vehicle was at a steady speed of 50 mph, and it stopped within an average period of 0.3 s. The distance of the obstruction was also fixed at 5m, while the speed of the vehicle was varied as 10mph, 20mph, 30mph, 40 mph, and 50 mph, and it stopped at 0.1 0.1s, 0.18s, 0.26s, 0.29 s, and 0.31 s, respectively. This study has shown the possibility of using autonomous driving vehicles in rural communities and on unpaved roads, which are common in developing countries of the world.

Abstract: This study explores the role of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) in advancing sustainable structural design, focusing on a portal frame warehouse as a case study. As construction demands shift towards sustainability, CAD tools such as AutoCAD, ProtaStructure, and Tekla Structures offer enhanced precision, design optimization, and material efficiency. The research compares manual method and CAD-based approaches in designing a 20 m × 50 m steel portal frame warehouse, following BS 5950 standards. The portar frame design involved manually analysing loads, selecting sections, and designing columns, base plates, and footings, while CAD softwares performed 3D modelling and automatic code checks. After the analysis and design, 203×203×46 UC (276 kg) was obtained at a rate of ₦331,200/section for manual approach, while with CAD approach, 254×254×73 UB (438 kg) at a rate of ₦525,600/section was obtained. However, for the footing. 0.216 m³ at ₦9,720 was obtained for manual approach, while 0.8 m³ at ₦23,040 was obtained for CAD approach. In total, for a section, manual design will cost ₦653,398 while CAD design cost will ₦864,814. It is recommended that CAD-based design should be prioritized for large-scale or safety-critical infrastructure due to its precision, efficiency, and compliance with modern codes. For smaller or budget-limited projects, a hybrid approach combining manual and CAD methods is suggested. Investment in CAD training and software can drive long-term sustainability and structural resilience.

Abstract: This study investigates the prevalence of road traffic accidents and assesses passenger perceptions of safety within Akure's public transportation network over a 11-year period (2013–2023). The study employs a mixed-methods approach by combining accident data obtained from the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) with primary data collected through structured passenger surveys. Quantitative analysis was conducted using SPSS, while ArcGIS was utilized to identify accident hotspots across major and minor roads in Akure. The findings revealed that the Akure-Owo and Akure-Ilesa highways are the most accident-prone, with the highest frequencies of fatal, serious and minor accidents. A total of 30 accident hotspots were identified. The passenger survey indicated 75.0% of respondents reported witnessing a safety incident on the Akure-Owo highway, corroborating that safety incidents are a significant concern, particularly on the Akure-Owo highway. There was strong support for better lighting, regular vehicle maintenance, and speed limit cameras, particularly on the Akure-Ondo and Akure-Ado highways. Safety perceptions were found to correlate strongly with actual accident statistics, highlighting gaps in enforcement, infrastructure and emergency response. This research emphasizes the need for targeted safety interventions, improved road infrastructure and the inclusion of commuter feedback in transport planning to enhance safety outcomes and restore public trust in Akure’s road transport system.

Abstract: Prior studies have emphasised the drawbacks of the linear economy (LE), which uses resources inefficiently and functions on the "take-consume-throw away" tenet. However, there is a noticeable gap in studies examining the transition from a LE to circular economy (CE) adoption, as a practice necessary to limit the weaknesses of LE. This study examined CE practices adoption by identifying key enablers and challenges, emphasising the benefits, and developing a statistical model to predict it adoption in Ondo State's building construction sector. Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 175 construction professionals in Ondo State. Data obtained were analysed using frequencies, percentages, relative importance index, linear regression and ANOVA. Results revealed that “research and development”, “awareness of circular economy”, and “policy support” were the primary driver of CE. The study also identified “lack of proper technology”, “unfavourable policies”, and “limited knowledge” as top barriers impeding CE adoption while “cost savings”, “job creation” and “improved corporate image” were salient benefits of CE adoption. Further analysis produced a predictive model that combine the most prominent factors that drive CE adoption, such as organizational infrastructure (X₁), client’s interest and awareness (X₂), training and education (X₃), research and development (X₄), organisational alignment (X₅), and cost savings (X₆). The model finding revealed that only 57% of the respondents aligned with CE practices, meaning an increase in the dependent variables will lead to higher levels of adoption in the building construction industry. This study serves as a theoretical base for policymakers, stakeholders, and construction professionals towards promoting a more sustainable and circular construction sector.

Abstract: This study developed a user-friendly and simplified Spatial Decision Support System using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to provide essential information for road managers. This enables the application of appropriate treatments at the right time, based on the available budget. A Global Positioning System (GPS) device was used to collect coordinate data for designated routes within Akure metropolis. Twenty (20) different roads were selected for the study. Data such as road names, coordinates, distances, and infrastructure or facilities unique to each road were collected through reconnaissance surveys, GPS tools, administrative road maps of the city, and street guides clearly showing Akure’s road network. The data were processed using Microsoft Excel, and classifications of the selected roads were made for easy referencing. Database design and creation were carried out using GIS tools within the ArcGIS environment. Digitization of data, labeling of features, symbology, layout design, hyperlinking, and other spatial features were implemented using ArcGIS applications. Each road was linked to its characteristic information, allowing users to access and update information as needed. The result shows that 95% of the total selected roads lack traffic lights and pedestrian bridge facilities. Forty-five percent of the roads have street light facilities. 5% of the road has traffic light facilities. 75% have no bus shelters. Only 5% of the total selected roads have all the identified road facilities. It was concluded that some of the selected roads were not in good condition. While some road facilities were defective, other roads lacked the necessary road facilities that could aid traffic flow. However, the data and associated attributes of each road can be used to support administrative decisions regarding maintenance.

Abstract: Poor construction administration performance is a significant cause of inefficient construction process which is a major problem for construction projects in Nigeria. This research developed a model to appraise the contract administration performance of construction project. A total of ninety-three (93) construction administration process grouped into eleven (11) phases were rated by expert respondents in a questionnaire survey. A Structural equation model between the construction contract administration performance (CCAP) and the eleven (11) Construction Contract Administration (CCA) phases which include the governance and start-up management (GS), team management (TM), communication and relationship management (CR), document and record management (DRM), claims and dispute resolution management (CDM), performance monitoring and reporting development (PR), financial management (FM), quality and acceptance management (QA), changes and change control management (CM), contract risk management (CR) and contractor close out management (CCM) were developed. From the resulting model generated, PR, QA and GS had the highest influence on CCAP with model coefficients of 0.977, 0.962 and 0.954 respectively, while the least influential is CR with coefficients of 0.744. This further enunciates the importance of monitoring to the overall success of all contractual obligations of a construction project.