Engineering Headway Vol. 33

Abstract: This research evaluates the geotechnical properties of selected laterite soils from Ijigbo, Ado-Ekiti (Ekiti State) and Aluta Market, The Federal University of Technology Akure (Ondo State) to assess their suitability for mine road construction. The laterite samples from both locations were taken and subjected to a series of laboratory tests, including moisture content, specific gravity, atterberg limits, compaction (Standard Proctor Test), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and grain size analysis. The results indicated that the FUTA Akure (AKR) sample had a significantly lower moisture content (0.42%) compared to the Ado-Ekiti (ADK) sample (1.35%), making AKR more favorable for road stability under varying moisture conditions. Specific gravity results showed AKR having a higher value (2.63) compared to ADK (2.52), suggesting better load-bearing capacity. The Atterberg Limits revealed lower liquid and plastic limits for AKR (25.30% and 11.1%, respectively) compared to ADK (35.89% and 28.9%), indicating that AKR is less prone to moisture-induced deformation. The linear shrinkage tests showed a shrinkage value of 1.5% for AKR and 8.2% for ADK, suggesting that AKR is less likely to undergo significant volumetric changes during dry conditions, which is crucial for maintaining road stability. The compaction test results showed that AKR had a higher maximum dry density (2.14 g/cm³) than ADK (1.82 g/cm³). UCS results also favored AKR, with a value of 261.7 kN/m², compared to ADK's 177.1 kN/m², indicating AKR has greater resistance to compressive forces, which is essential for mine roads subjected to heavy loads. The grain size analysis revealed that AKR contained 30.6% gravel, 59.66% sand, and 9.74% fines, while ADK contained 25.03% gravel, 65% sand, and 9.97% fines. AKR's higher gravel content and more balanced distribution make it more suitable for load-bearing and stability, while ADK's higher sand content may provide better drainage. Based on the geotechnical test results, the recommended stabilization techniques include lime stabilization to reduce plasticity, cement stabilization to improve compressive strength, and natural fiber reinforcement to enhance tensile strength and durability. Improved drainage systems are also advised to prevent moisture accumulation.

Abstract: The study conducted a thorough assessment of remotely sensed data from two study areas in Birnin Gwari LGA of Kaduna State and Rafi LGA of Niger State to accurately infer the locations of potential gold mineralization occurrences. To accomplish the aforementioned goal, innovative approaches to geophysical study of airborne magnetic data, radiometric data, and satellite-acquired elevation interpretation were combined. The airborne magnetic data was analyzed to comprehend the variance in the region's magnetic susceptibility. The total magnetic intensity was filtered and translated into a number of additional maps in order to identify the regional and near-surface structures that may be in charge of regulating potential mineralization in the research area. The elevation data was integrated to better understand the physiography of the research area and the environment where the mineralization was deposited, especially for placer deposits. The relative enrichment of each of the three main radioactive elements was determined by interpreting the radiometric data. This was used to identify the lithological boundaries within the interpreted area. In order to have a better grasp of the geological and mineralogical background of the area, the results from the three sets of data were synchronized. The qualitative interpretation of the aeromagnetic and radiometric data shows that the tenement areas fall within crystalline terrain with evidence of intrusions. The synchronization of the geological map of Nigeria and radiometric data shows that the study areas are covered by rocks of the Older Granite Suite and the Migmatite Gneiss Complex. Intrusion within and around the study areas acts as a source for the mineralization fluids for the deposition of gold at depth. Both regional and localized lineaments were delineated within the two study areas. Birnin Gwari LGA possesses more regional lineaments compared to Rafi LGA, with most of the regional lineaments being in the migmatitic zones. Some fault systems were also delineated within study area A, and they play a significant role in the mineralization system within the study area.

Abstract: This study highlights the performance analysis of rock fragmentation on mine excavation process efficiency and powder factor, instantaneous dig factor and loading efficiency. The power regression analysis of the relationship between powder factor and loading efficiency, defines the highest loading efficiency at the optimal powder factor ranging from 0.48 to 0.52 kg/m³. Loading efficiency with powder factor 0.50 kg/m³ is 0.469 while loading efficiency with powder factor 0.30 kg/m³ is 0.253. However, when considering the powder factor of more than 0.80 kg/m³, the efficiency dropped to 0.217 due to the generation of excessive fines and the reduction of the bucket fill rates. The R² value of the regression model is 0.995, thus, confirming the high predictive ability of powder factor while measuring the loading efficiency. In comparison to the original parameters, the optimized powder factor selection reduced the cycle times by as much as 22.4% and increased fragmentation consistency, according to the study. This study potentially highlights the need for enhanced blast design, which optimises total excavation costs and maximises mine productivity.

Abstract: Paraffin wax deposition is the major flow assurance issue in the oil industry. When the fluid temperature drops below the wax appearance temperature (WAT) due to the temperature differential between the cold areas and the crude oil, paraffin wax forms on the pipeline walls. Wax deposition can have very detrimental effects because it can narrow the internal diameters of pipelines and flowlines, which, if left unchecked, eventually clog these areas and force an activity to stop. However, overcoming the problems at this stage may become very expensive. This study examines the factors influencing paraffin wax deposition and discusses various methods for mitigating wax deposition on inner pipelines walls. It focuses on mechanical, thermal, chemical, bioremediation, and hybrid techniques. The benefits and limitations of each wax mitigation technique are assessed, along with the latest developments in modelling-based paraffin wax deposition mitigation. Although chemical techniques are preferable for treating deep-water wells due to their relatively inexpensiveness, simplicity, and no disruption to production, synthetic chemical inhibitors pose environmental hazardous. However, the advantages of organic chemical additives and bioremediation technique over commercially available synthetic chemical inhibitors are rigorously assessed in this work with regard to environmental benefits, sustainability advantages and improved process safety. This review also identifies the gaps in mitigation of paraffin wax deposition.

Abstract: This study presents a comparative analysis of coal quality obtained from two different coal deposits in Nigeria: Ankpa, Mamu formation, Anambra Basin in Kogi State, and Chikila, Guyuk Local Government, Adamawa State. The primary goal was to evaluate the fuel quality and elemental composition of coal from these regions to determine their suitability for various industrial applications. Samples from both locations underwent X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for chemical composition analysis and proximate analysis to assess moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, and fixed carbon levels. The findings revealed significant differences in the chemical and physical properties of the coal from the two locations. Ankpa coal exhibited higher fixed carbon (49.5%) and calorific value (5600 kcal/kg), making it more suitable for industrial applications such as power generation and metallurgical processes. In contrast, Chikila coal had lower fixed carbon (37%) and calorific value (5400 kcal/kg), indicating a lower energy potential. The study concludes that Ankpa coal is more appropriate for energy generation, while Chikila coal may have specialized uses due to its mineral composition. The results contribute to better decision-making regarding coal utilization in Nigeria’s energy and industrial sectors.

Abstract: Mining operations are integral to industrial development and economic growth, but they generate substantial waste, posing severe environmental and health risks. The environmental footprint of mining operations is significantly influenced by the nature and management of mining waste, which includes overburden, tailings, smelting slag, chemical effluents, radioactive residues, and gaseous emissions. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of these waste types, their associated ecological concerns, and prevailing mitigation strategies. Emphasis is placed on the adoption of science-based, economically viable, and scalable solutions that align with circular economy principles. A novel decision-support tool, the Composite Mining Waste Management Index (CMWMI) was developed to evaluate and rank various waste management strategies using weighted criteria: environmental effectiveness, economic feasibility, technological maturity, and scalability. The index reveals that backfilling and dry stacking score highest in sustainability and practicality. This integrative framework enables policymakers, engineers, and environmental managers to make informed decisions that enhance the sustainability of mining activities while mitigating long-term ecological and public health risks. Advanced technological solutions, including AI-driven waste monitoring, tailings reprocessing, bioremediation, and carbon capture, were examined for their role in minimizing the environmental footprint of mining activities. Regulatory frameworks and corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives were also discussed as crucial elements in enforcing sustainable mining practices. The study offers a replicable framework that can be tailored to specific mining contexts to guide responsible waste management, promote circular economy integration and ecological sustainability.

Abstract: This study assesses historical and projected land use and land cover (LULC) changes in South-Western Nigeria from 1993 to 2040 using MODIS satellite imagery and predictive modelling. Results reveal substantial urban expansion (+2,915.49 km²) and vegetation loss (−8,143.85 km²), with water bodies remaining relatively stable. Linear Regression outperformed Random Forest and Decision Tree models, accurately capturing gradual trends in land transformation. The classification achieved an accuracy of 87.3%–89.6%, providing a reliable basis for regional forecasting. The findings highlight critical environmental and planning challenges, including ecosystem degradation, flood vulnerability, and peri-urban sprawl. Recommendations emphasize integrating high-resolution imagery, nonlinear modelling, and stakeholder-engaged planning frameworks. Hence, this study contributes to sustainable urban management and LULC policy integration in rapidly urbanizing regions.

Abstract: Abrasive properties of selected rocks and their influence on button bit wear were investigated. Rock samples were obtained from three locations in Southwest, Nigeria. These samples were tested in the laboratory for grain size and circularity factor. Also, porosity, Equivalent Quartz content (EQC), Rock Hardness Number (RHN), Rock Abrasivity Index (RAI) and Uniaxial Compressive Strength were determined. Bit button lengths consumed were measured at regular interval as drilling operation progresses. Results of grain size revealed that medium feldspar granite has least average grain size varying from 0.12 – 0.14 mm. There is possibility that rate of drilling may be low while drilling through this rock. The values of circularity factor varied from 0.624 for medium feldspar granite to 0.786 for coarse muscovite granite. The mean values of porosity varied from between 0.85 and 1.33% for medium feldspar granite and coarse muscovite granite respectively. Biotite hornblende granite has the highest mean uniaxial compressive strength value of 119.48 MPa while coarse muscovite granite has the least mean value of 90.65 MPa. The values of free silica, EQC, RHN, and RAI varied from 35.93 – 51.35%, 45.60 – 67.21%, 575.52 – 821.64 kg/mm³ and 4133.64 – 7003.71 respectively. It was observed that grain size affects the void size in these rocks, which accounted for least porosity value obtained in medium feldspar granite. Average bit button length consumed varied from 15.56 – 24.54 mm for gauge button while length of centre button varied from 13.00 – 19.61 mm. Higher gauge button length consumption could be inferred that it effects the cutting, crushing and wedging of rock mineral components at rock-bit interface. The understanding of grain size, circularity factor and abrasive properties will provide adequate information for quarry to select appropriate bit and drilling machine.

Abstract: The rapid advancements in drone technology have ushered in a new era of precision agriculture, offering innovative solutions for both crop and animal-based agricultural practices. This study begins with an overview of drone technologies, including the various types of drones and sensors used for agricultural tasks. It then examines the key applications of drones in monitoring crop health, precision spraying, livestock management, and disease surveillance. Drones in agriculture provides insights into the improvements in efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. The paper discusses emerging trends such as the integration of artificial intelligence, machine learning, swarm drones, and IoT technologies, all of which promise to further enhance the capabilities of drones in farming. Ultimately, the paper evaluates the transformative potential of drones in revolutionizing agricultural practices globally, while addressing key challenges related to adoption and integration. Furthermore, the paper explores the limitations of drone technology, such as regulatory constraints, high initial costs, and technical expertise requirements.