Preparation of Chitosan Film for Smart Packaging: The Effects of Base on Deacetylation Process

Abstract:

Shrimp waste contains a high content of chitin which is potential to be used as a chitosan’s precursor. Synthesis of chitosan is usually done by deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation process. Deacetylation of chitin from shrimp waste isolated by autolysis, has been a few reported before. The chemicals involved in autolysis are less harmful and easier to treat before their disposal. Hence, this paper investigates the effect of base type and concentration on the degree of deacetylation of chitosan from chitin isolated by autolysis. Autolysis was carried out by an incubation at pH 2 using sulfuric acid for 10 d. Demineralization was performed by immersion in hydrochloric acid pH 1 for 24 h. The deacetylation of chitin was carried out at 120 °C for 120 min using two different bases, which are NaOH and KOH, respectively. The determination of chitosan’s degree of deacetylation (DD) was carried out using a semi-quantitative method from IR spectra. The use of KOH resulted in the obtained DD of less than 20%, while the NaOH usage produced around 50% of DD. Then, the NaOH was chosen and studied further to obtain a suitable DD for film applications, which is 40 – 99%. The deacetylation of chitosan was carried out by varying NaOH concentration from 60 to 70% (w/v). High concentration of NaOH tends to increase chitosan’s DD and slightly decrease the yield. The optimum concentration of NaOH was obtained at 70% (w/v) producing DD of 53.50±0.83% and yield of 47.66±0.28%. Chitosan synthesized using 70% concentration of NaOH produced a relatively homogeneous thin film. Polyaniline was then introduced to the film to obtain a prototype of smart packaging. This smart packaging was able to detect the pH changes proven by the change of its color.

• Periodical: Engineering Headway (Volume 9)
• Pages: 45-54
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-pUa9hz
• Online since: July 2024
• Authors: Dyah Ayu Nastiti*, Anisya Tri Kurniawati Anwar, Achmad Sjaifullah, Busroni Busroni, Muhammad Reza
• Keywords: Autolysis, Chitin, Chitosan, Degree of Deacetylation, Shrimp Waste

References

[1] S. Mashari, R. Nurmalina, and Suharno, "Indonesia Di Pasar Internasional," J. Agribisnis Indones., vol. 7, no. 1, p.37–52, 2019.

DOI: 10.29244/jai.2019.7.1.37-52

[2] C. D. H. Pratiwi, B. Busroni, and A. Sjaifullah, "Modifikasi Kitin Hasil Isolasi Autolisis Dari Limbah Udang Putih (Litopenaeus vannamei) Dengan Anhidrida Maleat," Berk. Sainstek, vol. 8, no. 2, p.46, 2020.

DOI: 10.19184/bst.v8i2.14223

[3] A. Alifatul, Z. Rohmah, A. Nur, A. Fajrin, and S. Gunawan, "Jurnal 07 ITS," vol. 2, no. 2, p.120–136, 2022.

[4] J. Chakravarty and T. A. Edwards, "Innovation from waste with biomass-derived chitin and chitosan as green and sustainable polymer: A review," Energy Nexus, vol. 8, no. September, 2022.

DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100149

[5] I. Younes and M. Rinaudo, "Chitin and chitosan preparation from marine sources. Structure, properties and applications," Mar. Drugs, vol. 13, no. 3, p.1133–1174, 2015.

DOI: 10.3390/md13031133

[6] A. Sjaifullah and A. B. Santoso, "Autolytic Isolation of Chitin from White Shrimp (Penaues Vannamei) Waste," Procedia Chem., vol. 18, no. Mcls 2015, p.49–52, 2016.

DOI: 10.1016/j.proche.2016.01.009

[7] K. N. Nainggolan, "Ekstraksi Enzimatik Kitin dan Kitosandari Limbah Udang," vol. 4, no. 1, p.50–71, 2023.

[8] A. B. Pati and C. Winarti, "Daftar Pustaka Harris," vol. 31, no. 3, 2012.

[9] A. Ridhay, "PENGARUH WAKTU PROSES DEASETILASI KITIN DARI CANGKANG BEKICOT (Achatina fulica) TERHADAP DERAJAT DEASETILASI [EFFECT OF CHITIN DEACETYLATION PROCESSING TIMES FROM SHELLS OF SNAILS (Achatina fulica) TO DEGREE OF DEACETYLATION]," Kovalen, vol. 2, no. 1, p.1–7, 2016.

DOI: 10.22487/j24775398.2016.v2.i1.6039

[10] A. Purwanti and M. Yusuf, "Evaluasi Proses Pengolahan Limbah Kulit Udang Untuk Meningkatkan Mutu Kitosan Yang Dihasilkan," J. Teknol., vol. 7, no. 1, p.83–90, 2014.

[11] E. R. Safitra and R. Budhijanto, "Optimasi dan Pemodelan Matematis Deasetilasi Kitin Menjadi Kitosan Menggunakan KOH," vol. 9, no. 1, p.16–21, 2015.

[12] L. Ode, A. Nur, U. H. Oleo, C. L. Radiman, D. Wahyuningrum, and V. Suendo, "Deasetilasi Kitin secara Bertahap dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Derajat Deasetilasi serta Massa molekul Kitosan," J. Kim. Indones., vol. 5, no. January, p.17–21, 2010.

DOI: 10.22487/j24775398.2015.v1.i1.5161

[13] E. Saputra, W. Tjahjaningsih, and A. A. Abdillah, "Application of edible film from chitosan as biodegradable packaging," IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 679, no. 1, 2021.

DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/679/1/012071

[14] I. Sofia, H. Murdiningsih, and N. Yanti, "Pembuatan Dan Kajian Sifat-Sifat Fisikokimia, Mekanikal, Dan Fungsional Edible Film Dari Kitosan Udang Windu," J. Bahan Alam Terbarukan, vol. 5, no. 2, p.54–60, 2017.

DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v5i2.6364

[15] C. U. Seo et al., "Fabrication of polyaniline–carbon nano composite for application in sensitive flexible acid sensor," J. Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 64, p.97–101, 2018.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.03.031

[16] S. U. Rahman, S. Bilal, and A. U. H. Ali Shah, "Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline-chitosan patches with enhanced stability in physiological conditions," Polymers (Basel)., vol. 12, no. 12, p.1–13, 2020.

DOI: 10.3390/polym12122870

[17] B. T. E. Thornton, A. Harrison, A. L. Pham, C. E. Castano, and C. Tang, "Polyaniline-Functionalized Nanofibers for Colorimetric Detection of HCl Vapor," ACS Omega, vol. 3, no. 3, p.3587–3591, 2018.

DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00054

[18] D. Setijawati et al., "Pengaruh Derajat Deasetilasi Kitosan Dengan Perlakuan," J. Fish. Mar. Res., vol. 5, no. 2, p.276–285, 2021.

[19] D. Silvia, A. N. N. Ishaaq, and W. Prastiwinarti, "Label cerdas berbasis ekstrak kubis merah (Brassica oleracea) sebagai indikator kesegaran filet ikan tuna (Thunnus sp) pada suhu 4oC," J. FishtecH, vol. 10, no. 2, p.86–94, 2021.

DOI: 10.36706/fishtech.v11i1.15118

[20] E. Pasaribu, T. Nurhayati, and M. Nurilmala, "Extraction and Characterization of Pepsin Enzyme from Tuna (Thunnus albacares) Gastric," J. Pengolah. Has. Perikan. Indones., vol. 21, no. 3, p.486, 2018.

DOI: 10.17844/jphpi.v21i3.24727

[21] Mursida, Tasir, and Sahriawati, "Efektifitas Larutan Alkali pada Proses Deasetilasi," Jphpi, vol. 21, no. 2, p.356–366, 2018.

DOI: 10.17844/jphpi.v21i2.23091

[22] Q. Pristiwani, "UJI TOKSISITAS KITOSAN CANGKANG KEPITING RAJUNGAN (Portunus pelagicus) DAN KEPITING BAKAU (Scylla serrata) DENGAN METODE BRINE SHIRMP LETHALITY TEST (BSLT)," Cross-border, vol. 6, no. 2, p.862–878, 2023.

DOI: 10.26753/jfks.v2i2.984

[23] D. Setijawati et al., "Pengaruh Derajad Deasetilasi Chitosan dengan Perlakuan Alkali Berbeda Terhadap Kualitas Edible Film," JFMR-Journal Fish. Mar. Res., vol. 5, no. 2, 2021.

DOI: 10.21776/ub.jfmr.2021.005.02.13

[24] J. M. F. Pavoni, C. L. Luchese, and I. C. Tessaro, "Impact of acid type for chitosan dissolution on the characteristics and biodegradability of cornstarch/chitosan based films," Int. J. Biol. Macromol., vol. 138, p.693–703, 2019.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.089

[25] B. Mohammadi, S. Pirsa, and M. Alizadeh, "Preparing chitosan–polyaniline nanocomposite film and examining its mechanical, electrical, and antimicrobial properties," Polym. Polym. Compos., vol. 27, no. 8, p.507–517, 2019.

DOI: 10.1177/0967391119851439