Engineering Innovations Vol. 5

Abstract: Concrete structures may become obsolete and be unfit for use to the extent that they need special attendance of repair or strengthening so as to revive them. The weakness in the buildings may be caused by natural disasters like earthquake, floods, changes of use of the buildings in which higher loads more than the design loads, e.g. vertical extension loads, are applied. When the structures are defective they need to be strengthened in order to restore their original structural integrity. Sometimes, the defect or deterioration needs to be scientifically analysed first in order to know the root cause of the problem and apply the right corrective measures. A case study on an eleven stories damaged building in is presented, starting with an investigation on causes of sudden crushing of one column and a strengthening method which embraced a number of techniques such as Land Surveying and non-destructive tests in assessing the building structural integrity. The crushed column and other columns is the ground floor were all strengthened using jacketing method and provision of additional columns at the crushed column. Keywords: Columns, crushing, non-destructive tests, concrete quality, deflection, plumb, jacketing, strengthening

Abstract: A Blowout Preventer (BOP) serves as a safety valve in the drilling process in the oil and gas industry. It will be closed if an influx of formation fluids occurs and threatens the rig. A Ram BOP is one type of widely used BOP. It is composed of two ram blades, which will move toward each other to shear the drilling pipe and to close the valve. To ensure the shearing process is completed on the rig, lab tests are often run to evaluate the BOP’s capability and the required shearing pressure. Over the last decade, Finite element analysis (FEA) based simulation method has been set up to predict the shearing process. The simulation method still requires pipe damage parameters and requires lab test. This paper presents a test-free simulation method enabled by analyzing the ram BOP pipe shearing data, which significantly reduces the lead time and test costs.

Abstract: The numerical model is developed to study the vibration response due to the localized defect of ball bearing in rotating machinery. In order to simulate the dynamic response, the equations of motions are developed based on the rotor-bearing system where two identical rotors mounted on symmetric flexible shaft and supported by ball bearings are considered in this model. The presence of defect is introduced on a bearing outer raceway and lubrication effect between bearing components is also included. The numerical results are obtained by applying Runge–Kutta method to solve governing equations of motions. It has been observed that the vibration spectrum of the ball pass frequency outer race and its harmonics for the defect bearing is relatively higher than the good one. Moreover, this dynamic model can effectively enhance the understanding of vibration responses for good and defective bearing.

Abstract: Wastewater is a by-product of industrial and commercial facilities. If not treated, it could cause environmental and health problems. The proposed IoT-Based Real-Time pH Monitoring of wastewater can regulate the disposed waste through web browsers. The device has undergone several trials with wastewater from the chemical laboratory at different pH levels. It gave the signal to the solenoid motor to position either close when the pH level is more significant than pH 7.5 and less than pH 6.5 or open when the pH level is pH 6.5 to pH 7.5. The output's accuracy was measured using buffer solutions at different temperatures. It showed that the value of the pH level varied in temperature with significantly small changes. The system monitoring in the web browser captured the data every minute and saved it in a database for data comparison purposes. The device conformed to the Department of Environmental Natural Resources - Environmental Management Bureau (DENR-EMB) in the Philippines' standard permissible pH level (pH 6.0 to pH 9.0). Using an Arduino NANO microcontroller that served as a central processing unit and a Node MCU to connect the system to the internet, the equivalent output of an industrial pH meter was obtained, allowing the user to monitor the system at any time using a web browser.

Abstract: In this article, we are interested in identifying the parameters of an aerobic bioprocess modelused for wastewater treatment. In the field of biotechnology, various computer bugs caused by roundingerrors can induce an error interval that is too wide during data acquisition. For this reason, weare testing a new identification method using a set method based on interval arithmetic. The processstudied is the chemical transformation of ammoniacal nitrogen which takes place in two stages: Reactionof nitrificationdenitrification.The parameters chosen for the identification are the yields andthe maximum growth rates. Initially, the study of observability by a differential algebraic method willsimplify the study of the mathematical model. This nonlinear model is described by six differentialequations. Subsequently, we apply a set method, in particular the propagation of constraints also calledforwardbackward propagation, this technique allowed us to determine intervals containing the variablereturns as well as the maximum specific growth rates defined from the Monod model which describesthe operation of the bioreactor. This method also guarantees the result by rejecting all inconsistentvalues.

Abstract: The protic ionic liquids (PILs) comprising with N-2-ethylhexylethylenediaminium cation (HEtHex⁺) and bis (trifluoromethanesulfonate) imide anion (TFSA^-) forming [HEtHex][TFSA] which has two amines in the polar group and available to absorbs acid gases such as CO₂ and SO₂. In order to study the CO₂/SO₂ absorption mechanism of [HEtHex][TFSA], the stable configurations of [HEtHex][TFSA]-nCO₂ (n=1, 2, 3, 4) and [HEtHex][TFSA]-nSO₂ (n=1, 2, 4, 6) are investigated using the density functional theory at the M06-2X/6-311G (d, p) level, then the interaction energy, molecular vibration frequency, second-order perturbation energy, electron density and Laplace value are calculated and analysed for the most stable configurations. The results show that N–H^...O type weak or medium hydrogen bonding are mainly formed between [HEtHex][TFSA] and CO₂/SO₂ molecules. The hydrogen bonding interaction is stronger for [HEtHex][TFSA]-nSO₂ comparing with [HEtHex][TFSA]-nCO₂ and increases with increasing the number of CO₂/SO₂ molecules.

Abstract: In the present work we pay an attention to the molecular structural changes between raw coal and its enriched, dense productions. Bituminous Ukhaa-Khudag coal in the form of an enriched, dense coal product is currently used as an energy source by Mongolian consumers for everyday need. There are three types of samples from one source: it is a raw coal (sample 1) and two of industrial prod- ucts as an enriched, dopant (organic based) added coal (sample 2) and simply enriched coal (sample 3). The raw coal general characterization is given through the elemental analysis, thermogravimetry analysis, moreover functional groups were identified by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy. The differences in the FTIR spectra of the samples were done.Some details are as follows: hydroxyl group vibrations are existing, rather weak in agreement of TG result; vibrations of aliphatic group were rarely in the long wave near region, carbonate minerals in the region of 1300-900 cm−1 are visible but overlapped, and an isolated out-of-plane deformational vibration (around 800 cm−1) or two-adjacent (800-750 cm−1) or three-adjacent (around 700 cm−1) of sp2-hybrid bonded aromatic CHx-groups were still presenting.After the processing hydroxyl group bands were affected in enriched coals, sample 2 and 3. In the spectrum of the sample 2 the long wave bands were intensively blurred.Industry processing retains an amount of water in the productions. Water excess influenced absorbance bands were able to be removed via the drying processing, however, the affection to the spectral struc- ture in sample 2 was unrecoverable.