Valorization of Moroccan Hemp Waste: Study of the Possibility of its Use in Thermal and Acoustical Insulation of Buildings

Abstract:

This paper aims to study the possibility of valorizing hemp residues in order to develop new local bio-composites from Moroccan hemp shiv and epoxy. The goal is to use them as thermal and acoustical insulation panels since these hemp residues exist in large quantities in landfills and present a national concern due to a lack of waste management technologies. For this purpose, several samples were prepared for different densities and two sizes of hemp shiv; crushed shiv (CS) and fibred shiv (FS). The results revealed that the increase of density resulted in an increase in thermal conductivity and a decrease in thermal diffusivity. However, the thermal conductivity of composites is still lower than 0.1 W/mK for the most studied samples. The samples show values of acoustic absorption coefficients varying between 0.2 and 0.59 for crushed shiv composites (CSC) at the frequency range (578-1396 Hz) and between 0.2 and 0.73 at the frequency range (662-1396 Hz) for Fibred shiv composites (FSC). It has been observed that the density has a significant effect on the sound absorption coefficient. Increasing the density shifts the acoustic absorption curve towards the low frequencies. Also, decreasing the particle size enhances the sound absorption in the medium frequency range (300-600 Hz). The obtained results are satisfactory for manufacturing these new composites that can be used as thermal and acoustic insulators. Moreover, it offered the best solution for hemp waste management.

• Periodical: International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa (Volume 65)
• Pages: 35-54
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-Wa98e1
• Online since: August 2023
• Authors: Oussama Zine*, Driss Taoukil, Mohamed Ouakarrouch, Ikram El Abbassi, El Hadj Kadri, Mohammed lhassane Lahlaouti, Abdelmajid El Bouardi
• Keywords: Acoustical Insulation, Bio Composite Materials, Buildings, Moroccan Hemp Waste, Sound Absorption Coefficient, Thermal Insulation, Thermal Proprieties

References

[1] The World Bank, "Trends in Solid Waste Management.

[2] Generizon, "Les déchets organiques. – waste to energy. | biogaz. | propre. durable. faisable.

[3] O. Das, A. K. Sarmah, and D. Bhattacharyya, Biocomposites from waste derived biochars: Mechanical, thermal, chemical, and morphological properties, Waste Manag. 49 (2016) 560–570.

DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.007

[4] Légalisation du cannabis thérapeutique au Maroc : Quelles opportunités pour les petits producteurs du Rif? | Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung | Rabat - Maroc, Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, (2022).

[5] D. G. Potter, M. M. Bouchard, and M. T. Decorte, World Wide Weed: Global Trends in Cannabis Cultivation and its Control. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2013.

DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.645287

[6] United Nations Office on and Drugs and Crime, Maroc enquête sur le Cannabis 2004, 2005.

[7] La culture légale du cannabis, une opportunité écologique (Experts), Médias24, (2021).

[8] Loi n° 13-21 du 3 hija 1442 (14 juillet 2021) relative aux usages licites du cannabis : BORM n° 7006, 22 juill. (2021).

[9] J. Bellakhdar, L'histoire du chanvre au Maghreb, Hespéris-Tamuda. XLVIII (2013) 107-141.

[10] T. Blickman, Le Maroc et le cannabis: Réduction, endiguement ou acceptation, 2017.

[11] A. Benallel, A. Tilioua, M. Ettakni, M. Ouakarrouch, M. Garoum, and M. A. Alaoui Hamdi, Design and thermophysical characterization of new thermal insulation panels based on cardboard waste and vegetable fibers, Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 48 (2021) 101639.

DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2021.101639

[12] M. Ouakarrouch, S. Bousshine, A. Bybi, N. Laaroussi, and M. Garoum, Acoustic and thermal performances assessment of sustainable insulation panels made from cardboard waste and natural fibers, Appl. Acoust. 199 (2022) 109007.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2022.109007

[13] E. Cintura, L. Nunes, E. Bruno, and F. Paulina, Agro-industrial wastes as building insulation materials: A review and challenges for Euro-Mediterranean countries, Ind. Crops Prod. 171 (2021) 113833.

DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113833

[14] S. Schiavoni, F. D׳Alessandro, F. Bianchi, and F. Asdrubali, Insulation materials for the building sector: A review and comparative analysis, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 62 (2016) 988–1011.

DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.045

[15] M. Viel, F. Collet, and C. Lanos, Chemical and multi-physical characterization of agro-resources' by-product as a possible raw building material, Ind. Crops Prod.120(2018)214–237.

DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.04.025

[16] A. Hussain, J. Calabria-Holley, L. Mike, and Y. Jiang, Hygrothermal and mechanical characterisation of novel hemp shiv based thermal insulation composites, Constr. Build. Mater. 212 (2019) 561–568.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.029

[17] V. Cerezo, Propriétés mécaniques, thermiques et acoustiques d'un matériau à base de particules végétales : approche expérimentale et modélisation théorique, PhD thesis, France, 2005.

[18] B. Mazhoud, F. Collet, S. Prétot, and C. Lanos, Effect of hemp content and clay stabilization on hygric and thermal properties of hemp-clay composites, Constr. Build. Mater. 300 (2021) 123878.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123878

[19] D. J. Oldham, C.A. Egan, and R. D. Cookson, Sustainable acoustic absorbers from the biomass, Appl. Acoust. 72 (2011) 350–363.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2010.12.009

[20] P. Glé, Acoustique des Matériaux du Bâtiment à base de Fibres et Particules Végétales - Outils de Caractérisation, Modélisation et Optimisation, PhD thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013.

[21] U. Berardi and G. Iannace, Acoustic characterization of natural fibers for sound absorption applications, Build. Environ. 94 (2015) 840–852.

DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.05.029

[22] P. Glé, E. Gourdon, and L. Arnaud, Acoustical properties of materials made of vegetable particles with several scales of porosity, Appl. Acoust. 77 (2011) 249–259.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2010.11.003

[23] M. Brümmer, M. P. Sáez-Pérez, and J. D. Suárez, Hemp-Clay Concretes for Environmental Building—Features that Attribute to Drying, Stabilization with Lime, Water Uptake and Mechanical Strength, in Advances in Natural Fibre Composites, R. Fangueiro and S. Rana, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing. (2018) 249–265.

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64641-1_21

[24] M. Charai, H. Sghiouri, A. Mezrhab, and M. Karkri, Thermal insulation potential of non-industrial hemp (Moroccan cannabis sativa L.) fibers for green plaster-based building materials, J. Clean. Prod. 292 (2021) 126064.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126064

[25] NF P18-560, Granulats - Analyse granulométrique par tamisage, (1990).

[26] NF EN 196-2.2, Méthodes d'essais des ciments-Partie 2: Analyse chimique des ciments, (2005).

[27] ASTM C114, Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement, (2018).

[28] ISO 8302, Thermal Insulation – Determination of Steady-State Thermal Resistance and Related Properties – Guarded Hot Plate Apparatus, (1991).

[29] W.J. Parker, R.J. Jenkins, C.P. Butler, and G.L. Abbott, Flash Method of Determining Thermal Diffusivity, Heat Capacity, and Thermal Conductivity, J. Appl. Phys. 32 (1961) 1679–1684.

DOI: 10.1063/1.1728417

[30] ASTM E1461-13, Standard Test Method for Thermal Diffusivity by the Flash Method, (2020).

[31] D. Taoukil, Caractérisation thermique, hydrique et mécanique du béton allégé avec les résidus de bois, PhD thesis, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Morocco, 2011.

[32] A. Degiovanni, Conductivité et diffusivité thermique des solides, Ref : TIP672WEB - Mesures physiques, 1994.

DOI: 10.51257/a-v1-r2850

[33] A. Degiovanni and M. Laurent, Une nouvelle technique d'identification de la diffusivité thermique pour la méthode ' flash, Rev. Phys. Appl. 21 (1986) 229–237.

DOI: 10.1051/rphysap:01986002103022900

[34] R. Yezou, J.-C. Cubaud, Contribution à l'étude des propriétés thermophysiques des matériaux de construction cohérents et non cohérents, PhD thesis, INSA de Lyon, 1978.

[35] ISO 10534-2:1998, Acoustique — Détermination du facteur d'absorption acoustique et de l'impédance des tubes d'impédance — Partie 2: Méthode de la fonction de transfert. (1996).

[36] J. M. Mathews, B. Vivek, and M. Charde, Thermal insulation panels for buildings using recycled cardboard: Experimental characterization and optimum selection, Energy Build. 281 (2023) 112747.

DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112747

[37] L. D. Hung Anh and Z. Pásztory, An overview of factors influencing thermal conductivity of building insulation materials, J. Build. Eng. 44 (2021) 102604.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102604

[38] S. Liuzzi, C. Rubino, P. Stefanizzi, and F. Martellotta, Performance Characterization of Broad Band Sustainable Sound Absorbers Made of Almond Skins, Materials 13 (2020) 5474.

DOI: 10.3390/ma13235474

[39] A. Abdou and I. Budaiwi, The variation of thermal conductivity of fibrous insulation materials under different levels of moisture content, Constr. Build. Mater. 43 (2013) 533–544.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.058

[40] M. Chikhi, B. Agoudjil, A. Boudenne, and A. Gherabli, Experimental investigation of new biocomposite with low cost for thermal insulation, Energy Build. 66 (2013) 267–273.

DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.07.019

[41] S. Elfordy, F. Lucas, F. Tancret, Y. Scudeller, and L. Goudet, Mechanical and thermal properties of lime and hemp concrete ('hempcrete') manufactured by a projection process, Constr. Build. Mater. 22 (2008) 2116–2123.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.07.016

[42] A. Vimmrová, M. Keppert, L. Svoboda, and R. Černý, Lightweight gypsum composites: Design strategies for multi-functionality, Cem. Concr. Compos. 33 (2011) 84–89.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.09.011

[43] M. Ouakarrouch, K. El Azhary, N. Laaroussi, M. Garoum, and F. Kifani-Sahban, Thermal performances and environmental analysis of a new composite building material based on gypsum plaster and chicken feathers waste, Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog. 19 (2020) 100642.

DOI: 10.1016/j.tsep.2020.100642

[44] A. El bouardi, H. Ezbakhe, T. Ajzoul, V. Wittwer, and U. A. Essaadi, Proprietés thermophysiques lors de changement de structure granulaire - compact. Mesures et identifications; application aux matériaux a matrice déformable et expansés a l'air : cas de la vermiculites et polystyrène, (2005).

[45] O. Zine, A. El bouardi, D. Taoukil, E.-H. Kadri, and I. El abbassi, "Influence of Density and Water Content on The Thermal Diffusivity of Wood Chips, E3S Web Conf. 321 (2021) 02010.

DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202132102010

[46] D. Taoukil, A. El bouardi, F. Sick, A. Mimet, H. Ezbakhe, and T. Ajzoul, Moisture content influence on the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of wood–concrete composite, Constr. Build. Mater. 48 (2013) 104–115.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.067

[47] P. Meukam, Valorisation des briques de terre stabilisées en vue de l'isolation thermique de bâtiments, PhD thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2004.

DOI: 10.1617/13802

[48] I. Niang et al., Hygrothermal performance of various Typha–clay composite, J. Build. Phys. 42 (2018) 316–335.

[49] R. Mirzanamadi, P. Johansson, and S. A. Grammatikos, Thermal properties of asphalt concrete: A numerical and experimental study, Constr. Build. Mater. 158 (2018) 774–785.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.068

[50] O. Kinnane, A. Reilly, J. Grimes, S. Pavia, and R. Walker, Acoustic absorption of hemp-lime construction, Constr. Build. Mater. 122 (2016) 674–682.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.106

[51] E. Taban, S. Amininasab, P. Soltani, U. Berardi, D. D. Abdi, and S. E. Samaei, Use of date palm waste fibers as sound absorption material, J. Build. Eng. 41 (2021) 102752.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102752

[52] S. Ersoy and H. Küçük, Investigation of industrial tea-leaf-fibre waste material for its sound absorption properties, Appl. Acoust. 70 (2009) 215–220.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2007.12.005

[53] K.S.K. Sasikumar, Acoustic characterization of farm residues for sound absorption applications, Mater. Today 33 (2020) 2917-2922.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.884

[54] N. H. Bhingare and S. Prakash, An experimental and theoretical investigation of coconut coir material for sound absorption characteristics, Mater. Today Proc. 43 (2021) 1545–1551.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.401

[55] A. Boubel, M. Garoum, S. Bousshine, and A. Bybi, Investigation of loose wood chips and sawdust as alternative sustainable sound absorber materials, Appl. Acoust. 172 (2021) 107639.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2020.107639

[56] A. Putra et al., Waste Durian Husk Fibers as Natural Sound Absorber: Performance and Acoustic Characterization, Buildings 12 (2022).

DOI: 10.3390/buildings12081112