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Exploring Low-Cost Fused-Deposition-Printed PZT/Polymer Smart Mats for Footstep Energy Harvesting in Masjid Al-Haram
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Exploring Low-Cost Fused-Deposition-Printed PZT/Polymer Smart Mats for Footstep Energy Harvesting in Masjid Al-Haram

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Abstract:

Masjid Al-Haram experiences some of the densest pedestrian flows globally, with foot traffic exceeding 278,000 individuals per hour during peak rituals. This presents a unique opportunity to convert human kinetic energy into usable electricity via piezoelectric floor systems. This paper investigates whether low-cost, fused-deposition-based (FDB) 3D printing methods can fabricate PZT/polymer smart mats that are both mechanically robust and electrically responsive. Two strategies are compared: (i) a modular approach, where discrete PZT tiles are embedded in a compliant TPU lattice, and (ii) a mixed-blend approach, where PZT-filled and insulating filaments are co-extruded into a monolithic structure. Simulations are used to assess each design’s print fidelity, interfacial adhesion, electrical output under 750 N footstep loading, fatigue life across 10⁶ cycles, and foldability for roll-out deployment. Results indicate that while the mixed-blend design offers superior fabrication speed, the modular structure yields more stable electrical performance. This study provides a simulation-backed design framework for scalable, energy-harvesting mats tailored for high-traffic religious spaces, setting the stage for future prototyping and deployment.

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Periodical:

Key Engineering Materials (Volume 1042)

Pages:

69-80

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/p-U7RCqo

Citation:

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Online since:

February 2026

Authors:

Fatimah Alotibi*, Muhammad Khan

Keywords:

Fused Deposition Modelling, Masjid Al-Haram, Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting, PZT/TPU Composites, Smart Flooring

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© 2026 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

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* - Corresponding Author

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