Paper Titles
Comparative Photocatalytic Performance of Pullulan-Assisted Copper Oxide, Zinc Oxide, and their Composites for Methylene Blue Degradation
p.71
Cu/Mn Oxidation Catalyst Integration into Recycled Carbon Fiber-Based Filter for Diesel Soot Emission Control
p.77
Modular Integration of 3D-Printed Solar-Driven Interfacial Evaporation System for Enhanced Water Purification Efficiency
p.87
Fabrication of Eggshell Membrane-Templated CuO-ZnO Nanocomposite for Microbial Desalination Cell
p.95
Synthesis and Performance Evaluation of Chitosan-PEG-Cellulose Acetate Nanofiltration Membrane for Calcium Removal in Groundwater
p.103
The Efficiency of Walnut Shells Filter in the Removal of Cooking Oil Residues from Domestic Kitchen Wastewater
p.113
Effects of Storage Temperature and Sunlight Exposure on the Physiochemical Properties of Bottled Drinking Water
p.121
Influence of pH on Nitrate Removal from Groundwater Using Shredded Tire Rubber
p.145
Comparative Evaluation of Fittonia argyroneura and Syngonium podophyllum in Phytoremediation of Synthetic Domestic Wastewater under Different Contact Times
p.151

Effects of Storage Temperature and Sunlight Exposure on the Physiochemical Properties of Bottled Drinking Water

Article Preview

Abstract:

Bottled drinking water is widely consumed, yet its quality can be compromised by improper storage conditions, such as heat and direct sunlight. This study investigated the impact of environmental conditions on five bottled water brands prevalent in Babylon Governorate. Samples were preserved under three conditions: ambient room temperature, constant sunlight exposure, and heating at 55 °C. Essential quality measures, including as pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, conductivity, and turbidity, were examined. The results indicated that heat exposure resulted in the most pronounced alterations, with TDS escalating to 163, hardness attaining 16.3 , and conductivity significantly increasing across several brands. Exposure to sunlight caused mild fluctuations, especially in pH and mineral solubility, whereas samples stored under standard conditions exhibited stability.Despite the fact that every tested value was under WHO safety guidelines, the findings show that extended exposure may cause progressive chemical changes. A low-cost monitoring device was created utilizing pH, TDS, turbidity, and temperature sensors, linked with NodeMCU and ThingSpeak for real-time data transmission and storage. This device provides a practical tool for ensuring water safety in households, laboratories, and medical settings.

You might also be interested in these eBooks
Additive Manufacturing, Biodiesel, Pollutants Removal and Water Treatment View Preview

Info:

Periodical:

Key Engineering Materials (Volume 1052)

Pages:

121-143

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/p-bOsz7J

Citation:

Cite this paper

Online since:

May 2026

Authors:

Ali Kamil Kareem*, Ikram F. Hadi, Fatima J. Sarhan, Ghada A. Mohammed, Huda S. Mahdi, Hussein A. Hassan, Noor Alhuda R. Issa

Keywords:

pH Measure, TDS Measure, Temperature Measure, Turbidity Measure, Water Quality Project

Export:

RIS, BibTeX

Price:

Permissions CCC:

Request Permissions

Permissions PLS:

Request Permissions

Сopyright:

© 2026 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Share:

Citation:

* - Corresponding Author

References

[1] R. M. Hussein, B. Sen, M. Koyun, and Ali Riza Demirkiran, "Effects of Storage Temperature and Sun Light Exposure on Some Bottled Water Marketed in Kirkuk City, North Iraq," Int. J. Eng. Tech. Mgmt. Res., vol. 6, no. 7, p.16–26, Mar. 2020.

DOI: 10.29121/ijetmr.v6.i7.2019.411

Google Scholar

[2] S. Pasika and S. T. Gandla, "Smart water quality monitoring system with cost-effective using IoT," Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 7, p. e04096, July 2020.

DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04096

Google Scholar

[3] N. Umoafia et al., "Deterioration of the quality of packaged potable water (bottled water) exposed to sunlight for a prolonged period: An implication for public health," Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 175, p.113728, May 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113728

Google Scholar

[4] A.T. Ahmed, M. Emad and M.A. Bkary, "Impacts of temperature alteration on the drinking water quality stored in plastic bottles," Appl Water Sci, vol. 11, no. 10, p.167, Oct. 2021.

DOI: 10.1007/s13201-021-01505-2

Google Scholar

[5] S. Taheri, B. Shoshtari-Yeganeh, H. Pourzamani, and K. Ebrahimpour, "Investigating the pollution of bottled water by the microplastics (MPs): the effects of mechanical stress, sunlight exposure, and freezing on MPs release," Environ Monit Assess, vol. 195, no. 1, p.62, Jan. 2023.

DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10697-2

Google Scholar

[6] S.A. Mason, V.G. Welch, and J. Neratko, "Synthetic Polymer Contamination in Bottled Water," Front. Chem., vol. 6, p.407, Sept. 2018.

DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00407

Google Scholar

[7] World Health Organization, Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum, 4th ed., 1st add. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017. Accessed: Sept. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637.

Google Scholar

[8] L. Wu et al., "Antimony release from e-waste-derived microplastics in aqueous environments: Effect of plastic properties and environmental factors," Environmental Pollution, vol. 368, p.125774, Mar. 2025.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125774

Google Scholar

[9] M. Ravanbakhsh, M. Ravanbakhsh, H. A. Jamali, M. Ranjbaran, S. Shahsavari, and N. Jaafarzadeh Haghighi Fard, "The effects of storage time and sunlight on microplastic pollution in bottled mineral water," Water & Environment J, vol. 37, no. 2, p.206–217, May 2023.

DOI: 10.1111/wej.12829

Google Scholar

[10] D. Ginter-Kramarczyk, J. Zembrzuska, I. Kruszelnicka, A. Zając-Woźnialis, and M. Ciślak, "Influence of Temperature on the Quantity of Bisphenol A in Bottled Drinking Water," IJERPH, vol. 19, no. 9, p.5710, May 2022.

DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095710

Google Scholar

[11] W.R. Gallegos-Pérez et al., "Effect of UV radiation on the structure of graphene oxide in water and its impact on cytotoxicity and As(III) adsorption," Chemosphere, vol. 249, p.126160, June 2020.

DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126160

Google Scholar

[12] T. Massahi, A. K. Omer, A. Kiani, H. Soleimani, N. Fattahi, and K. Sharafi, "Assessing the effect of sunlight exposure and reuse of polyethylene terephthalate bottles on phthalate migration," Science of The Total Environment, vol. 962, p.178480, Jan. 2025.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178480

Google Scholar

[13] S.A. Mason, V. G. Welch, and J. Neratko, "Synthetic Polymer Contamination in Bottled Water," Front. Chem., vol. 6, p.407, Sept. 2018.

DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00407

Google Scholar

[14] U.S. Food and Drug Administration, "FDA Regulates the Safety of Bottled Water Beverages Including Flavored Water and Nutrient-Added Water Beverages," FDA, Sep. 22, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.fda.gov/food/buy-store-serve-safe-food/fda-regulates-safety-bottled-water-beverages-including-flavored-water-and-nutrient-added-water. [Accessed: Sep. 16, 2025]

DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-378612-8.00295-x

Google Scholar

[15] S. Carneado, J.F. López-Sánchez, and Á. Sahuquillo, "Antimony in Polyethylene Terephthalate-Bottled Beverages: The Migration Puzzle," Molecules, vol. 28, no. 20, p.7166, Oct. 2023.

DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207166

Google Scholar

[16] Y. Zha, B. Cao, L. Ni, and Y. Huang, "Effects of Boiling and Storage on Water Quality of Tap Water, Spring Water, and Bottled Water," Water, vol. 17, no. 9, p.1330, Apr. 2025.

DOI: 10.3390/w17091330

Google Scholar

[17] E. Arhin, J. D. Osei, P. A. Anima, P. D.- Afari, and L. L. Yevugah, "The pH of Drinking Water and Its Human Health Implications: A Case of Surrounding Communities in the Dormaa Central Municipality of Ghana," JHTD, no. 41, p.15–26, Dec. 2023.

DOI: 10.55529/jhtd.41.15.26

Google Scholar

[18] F. Carraturo et al., "Evaluation of Microbial Communities of Bottled Mineral Waters and Preliminary Traceability Analysis Using NGS Microbial Fingerprints," Water, vol. 13, no. 20, p.2824, Oct. 2021.

DOI: 10.3390/w13202824

Google Scholar

[19] Y. Mulualem, A. Kumie, Y. Tefera, B. Demsie, and S. D. Mengesha, "Assessing the effect of sunlight exposure on physicochemical properties of bottled water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: An experimental observational study," Scientific African, vol. 19, p. e01454, Mar. 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01454

Google Scholar

[20] F. Okeola, T. Abu, A. Mohammed, M. Orosun, A. Baba, and M. B. Adeboje, "Investigation on the Quality of Prolonged Storage of Packaged Water Commonly Produced in North Central, Nigeria," Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, vol. 10, no. 2, p.303–314, May 2023.

DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.1116034

Google Scholar

[21] A.T. Ahmed, M. Emad and M.A. Bkary, "Impacts of temperature alteration on the drinking water quality stored in plastic bottles," Appl Water Sci, vol. 11, no. 10, p.167, Oct. 2021.

DOI: 10.1007/s13201-021-01505-2

Google Scholar

[22] A.J. De Roos, P.L. Gurian, L.F. Robinson, A. Rai, I. Zakeri, and M.C. Kondo, "Review of Epidemiological Studies of Drinking-Water Turbidity in Relation to Acute Gastrointestinal Illness," Environ Health Perspect, vol. 125, no. 8, p.086003, Aug. 2017.

DOI: 10.1289/EHP1090

Google Scholar

[23] P.M. Bradley et al., "Bottled water contaminant exposures and potential human effects," Environment International, vol. 171, p.107701, Jan. 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107701

Google Scholar

[24] V. Fernandez Alvarez, D. Granada Salazar, C. Figueroa, J. C. Corrales, and J. F. Casanova, "Estimation of Water Turbidity in Drinking Water Treatment Plants Using Machine Learning Based on Water and Meteorological Data," in The 7th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences, MDPI, Apr. 2023, p.89.

DOI: 10.3390/ECWS-7-14326

Google Scholar

[25] G.E. Adjovu, H. Stephen, D. James, and S. Ahmad, "Measurement of Total Dissolved Solids and Total Suspended Solids in Water Systems: A Review of the Issues, Conventional, and Remote Sensing Techniques," Remote Sensing, vol. 15, no. 14, p.3534, July 2023.

DOI: 10.3390/rs15143534

Google Scholar

[26] M. Rafiqul Islam, "A Study on the TDS Level of Drinking Mineral Water in Bangladesh," AJAC, vol. 4, no. 5, p.164, 2016.

DOI: 10.11648/j.ajac.20160405.11

Google Scholar

[27] E. Helte, M. Säve-Söderbergh, S. C. Larsson, and A. Åkesson, "Calcium and magnesium in drinking water and risk of myocardial infarction and stroke—a population-based cohort study," The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 116, no. 4, p.1091–1100, Oct. 2022.

DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac186

Google Scholar

[28] L.V. Gudzenko, "Test Method for Determining the Total Hardness of Natural and Potable Water," J. Water Chem. Technol., vol. 45, no. 4, p.383–387, Aug. 2023.

DOI: 10.3103/S1063455X23040033

Google Scholar

[29] F.R. Sulaiman, N.F. Mohd Rafi, S.N.S. Kamarudin, and S.N. Syed Ismail, "Assessment of Physicochemical Characteristics and Health Risk of Drinking Water" Jurnal Teknologi, vol. 78, no. 2, Feb. 2016.

DOI: 10.11113/jt.v78.5268

Google Scholar

[30] M.W. LeChevallier, T.M. Evans, and R.J. Seidler, "Effect of turbidity on chlorination efficiency and bacterial persistence in drinking water," Appl Environ Microbiol, vol. 42, no. 1, pp.159-167, July 1981.

DOI: 10.1128/aem.42.1.159-167.1981

Google Scholar

[31] J. Schwartz, R. Levin, and K. Hodge, "Drinking Water Turbidity and Pediatric Hospital Use for Gastrointestinal Illness in Philadelphia:," Epidemiology, vol. 8, no. 6, p.615, Nov. 1997.

DOI: 10.1097/00001648-199710000-00001

Google Scholar

[32] W. Hong et al., "Water Quality Monitoring with Arduino Based Sensors," Environments, vol. 8, no. 1, p.6, Jan. 2021.

DOI: 10.3390/environments8010006

Google Scholar

[33] P. Salvo and L. Tedeschi, "pH Sensors, Biosensors and Systems," Chemosensors, vol. 13, no. 3, p.90, Mar. 2025.

DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors13030090

Google Scholar

[34] W. Xiao and Q. Dong, "The Recent Advances in Bulk and Microfluidic-Based pH Sensing and Its Applications," Catalysts, vol. 12, no. 10, p.1124, Sept. 2022.

DOI: 10.3390/catal12101124

Google Scholar

[35] H.M. Forhad et al., "IoT based real-time water quality monitoring system in water treatment plants (WTPs)," Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 23, p. e40746, Dec. 2024.

DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40746

Google Scholar

[36] D.N. Kori and R.R, "Measuring Water Quality using Arduino and Turbidity Sensor," IJCA, vol. 184, no. 36, p.1–4, Nov. 2022.

DOI: 10.5120/ijca2022922450

Google Scholar

[37] S.A. Mason, V.G. Welch, and J. Neratko, "Synthetic Polymer Contamination in Bottled Water," Front. Chem., vol. 6, p.407, Sept. 2018.

DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00407

Google Scholar

[38] E. Skarbøvik et al., "Comparing in situ turbidity sensor measurements as a proxy for suspended sediments in North-Western European streams," CATENA, vol. 225, p.107006, May 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2023.107006

Google Scholar

[39] A. Tzamaria et al., "Physicochemical transformation and toxic potential of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fragments exposed to natural daylight," Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, vol. 22, p.100763, May 2025.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100763

Google Scholar