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Study on the Properties of Water Bamboo Shoot Shell as Bio-Based Flame Retardant and its Epoxy Composite Application

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Abstract:

This study, based on the concept of a circular economy, utilizes cellulose from water bamboo shoot shell to synthesize a phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant. This material is then used to improve the thermal properties of epoxy resin, resulting in a flame-retardant composite material with wider application potential. First, the husks were ground into powder, boiled, and dried. The powder was then reacted with phenyl phosphine (phenyl phosphinic acid), followed by the addition of triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC). Finally, epoxy resin and a hardener (DDM) were added to form the flame-retardant composite material. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the residual char rate increased from 15.3% to 25.5%, and the integrated programmed decomposition temperature (IPDT) increased from 659°C to 1058°C, demonstrating the composite's excellent thermal properties. The LOI value of pure epoxy resin was only 23%, but with the addition of a 40% flame retardant, the composite's LOI reached 26%. While epoxy resin does not achieve any UL-94 rating, the addition of a 40% flame retardant resulted in a V-0 rating with no dripping. This is because the phosphorus-based flame retardant forms a char layer upon high-temperature combustion, protecting the substrate from dripping. SEM was also used to observe the composite's surface morphology.

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Info:

Periodical:

Key Engineering Materials (Volume 1059)

Pages:

67-72

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/p-cIarq7

Citation:

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Online since:

June 2026

Authors:

Chin Lung Chiang*, Wen Rui Zheng

Keywords:

Composite, Epoxy, Flame Retardant, Wild Rice Shoot Shell

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© 2026 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

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* - Corresponding Author

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