Energy Requirements in Manufacturing: Lifecycle and Tribology Considerations

Abstract:

Energy sources, in the form of coal, oil, natural gas, solar or nuclear power, are global commodities, and as demand is projected to rise in the coming decades, so will costs. As such, an understanding of the energy needs of manufacturing processes and the ability to reduce the energy and carbon footprints are essential for sustainability reasons. This paper examines the global sources of energy, since the source used has a large effect on the cost and environmental impact of energy. Energy source effects are quantified in a number of measures. The theoretical approaches used to obtain a carbon footprint are explained and their shortcomining identified. Models of energy needs by manufacturing process are then examined, along with models incorporating the use of ancillary equipment such as pumps, filters, blowers, lighting, etc. Finally, the successful application of tribological principles to influence energy consumption is discussed.

• Periodical: Key Engineering Materials (Volume 502)
• Pages: 55-62
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.502.55
• Online since: February 2012
• Authors: S.R. Schmid
• Keywords: Energy, Life Cycle, Manufacturing, Tribology

References

[1] S. Karbuz: Energy Policy Vol 26 (1998), pp.973-979.

[2] J.T. Bernard and B. Cote: Energy Policy Vol 33 (2005), pp.221-233.

[3] F. Unander: App. Energy Vol 84 (2007), pp.771-780.

[4] R.E. Smalley: Energy & Nano Tech. Conf. Rice University, May 3 (2003).

[5] The World Factbook, available https: /www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2183rank. html.

[6] IEA: World Energy Outlook. International Energy Agency, Paris, France (2008).

[7] G. van Loon and S.J. Duffy: Environmental Chemistry: A Global Perspective, Oxford University Press (2000).

[8] J. Jeswiet and S. Kara: CIRP Annals – Manuf. Tech. Vol 57 (2008), pp.17-20.

[9] J. Jeswiet and P. Nava: Int. J. Sust. Eng. Vol 2 (2009), pp.232-240.

[10] Nuclear Power in China, Country Briefings, World Nuclear Association (2010).

[11] S. Kalpakjian and S. Schmid: Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, Pearson (2010).

[12] C. Hermann, S. Thiede, S. Kara and J. Hesselbach: CIRP Annals – Manuf. Tech. Vol 60 (2011), pp.45-48.

[13] T. Gutowski, J. Dahmus, and A. Thiriez: Proceedings of the 13th CIRP Internation Confernece on Life Cycle Engineering, Leuven, May (2006).

[14] S. Brown: Auto. Eng. Vol 32 (2007), pp.16-17.

[15] M. Berners-Lee: How Bad Are Bananas? The Carbon Footprint of Everything. Profile Books, (2010).

[16] P. Saha: Aluminum Extrusion Technology, Materials Park (OH), ASM International, (2000).

[17] N. Bay, P. Groche, H. Ike, G. Ngaile, S.R. Schmid and A. Azushima: CIRP Annals – Manuf. Tech. Vol 59 (2010), pp.760-780.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cirp.2010.05.007

[18] Lubrication (Tribology) Education and Research (the Jost Report), Department of Education and Science, HMSO, London (1966).