Damage Detection in Gearboxes Considering Intermittent Faults and Time-Varying Loads

Article Preview

Abstract:

The paper develops a simplified two-degree-of-freedom gear model that simulates vibration signals under operational conditions similar to those of wind turbine gearboxes. Nonlinear characteristics were included in the model in order to obtain more realistic results. The two types of faults examined in this study are common periodic gear tooth faults and intermittent gear tooth faults. The latter type of faults appears to be a novel idea in the condition monitoring field. Transient loads are also taken into consideration in this study since such loads are commonly observed in wind turbine systems, and make it even more difficult to detect damage. The analysis of the obtained signals is done using a relatively new method, the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) that works well for nonstationary and nonlinear signals.

You might also be interested in these eBooks

Info:

Periodical:

Pages:

76-86

Citation:

Online since:

July 2012

Export:

Price:

Permissions CCC:

Permissions PLS:

Сopyright:

© 2012 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Share:

Citation:

[1] Wind Turbine Data Summary Table 2, WindStats Newsletter, 2007, 1, 20.

Google Scholar

[2] C. Walford, O&M cost model quantifying the influence of reliability, Wind Turbine Reliability Workshop, 2006, Global Energy Concepts Seattle, WA.

Google Scholar

[3] R.G. Munro, The dynamic behaviour of spur gears, Ph.D. Dissertation, 1962, Cambridge University.

Google Scholar

[4] H.N. Ozguven and D.R. Houser, Mathematical models used in gear dynamics- A review, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1987, 121, 383-411.

DOI: 10.1016/s0022-460x(88)80365-1

Google Scholar

[5] G.W. Blankership and R. Singh, A comparative study of selected gear mesh force interface models, ASME International Power Transmission and Gearing Conference, 1992, DE 431.

DOI: 10.1115/detc1992-0017

Google Scholar

[6] J. Wang, R. Li and X. Peng, Survey of nonlinear vibration gear transmission systems, Applied Mechanics Reviews, 2003, 56, 309-329.

DOI: 10.1115/1.1555660

Google Scholar

[7] A. Parey and N. Tandon, Spur gear dynamic models including defects- A review, The Shock and Vibration Digest, 2003, 35, 465-478.

DOI: 10.1177/05831024030356002

Google Scholar

[8] A. Kahraman and R. Singh, Non-linear dynamics of a spur gear pair, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1990, 142, 49-75.

DOI: 10.1016/0022-460x(90)90582-k

Google Scholar

[9] A. Kahraman and R. Singh, Non-linear dynamics of a geared rotor-bearing system with multiple clearances, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1991, 144, 469-506.

DOI: 10.1016/0022-460x(91)90564-z

Google Scholar

[10] A. Kahraman and R. Singh, Interactions between time-varying mesh stiffness and clearance nonlinearities in a geared system, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1991, 146, 135-156.

DOI: 10.1016/0022-460x(91)90527-q

Google Scholar

[11] R.G. Parker, S.M. Vijayakar and T. Imajo, Nonlinear dynamic response of a spur gear pair: Modeling and experimental comparison, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2000, 237, 435- 455.

DOI: 10.1006/jsvi.2000.3067

Google Scholar

[12] S. Theodossiades and S. Natsiavas, Non-linear dynamics of gear pair systems with periodic stiffness and backlash, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2000, 229, 287-310.

DOI: 10.1006/jsvi.1999.2490

Google Scholar

[13] S. Theodossiades and S. Natsiavas, Periodic and chaotic dynamics of motor-driven gear-pair systems with backlash, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 2001, 12, 2427-2440.

DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0779(00)00210-1

Google Scholar

[14] M. Vaishya and R. Singh, Analysis of periodically varying gear mesh systems with coulomb friction using floquet theory, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2001, 243, 525-545.

DOI: 10.1006/jsvi.2000.3419

Google Scholar

[15] G. Litak and M.I. Friswell, Vibrations in gear systems, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 2001, 16, 145-150.

DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0779(02)00452-6

Google Scholar

[16] T.C. Lim, and R. Singh, Vibration transmission through rolling element bearing. Part III: Geared rotor system studies, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1991, 151, 31-54.

DOI: 10.1016/0022-460x(91)90650-9

Google Scholar

[17] S.W. Doebling, C.R. Farrar, M.B. Prime, D.W. Shevitz et al., Damage and health monitoring of structural and mechanical systems from changes in their vibration characteristics: A literature review, 1996, Los Alamos National Laboratory.

DOI: 10.2172/249299

Google Scholar

[18] T. Barszcz and R.B. Randal, Application of spectral kurtosis for detection of a tooth crack in planetary gear of wind turbine, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2009, 23, 1352-1365.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2008.07.019

Google Scholar

[19] J. Antoni, and R.B. Randall, The spectral kurtosis application to the surveillance and diagnostics of rotating machines, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2006, 20, 308-331.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2004.09.002

Google Scholar

[20] M.E.M. El Badaoui, F. Guillet, and J. Daniere, New applications of the real cepstrum to gear signals: including definition of a robust fault indicator, Mechanical Systems and Signal processing, 2004, 5, 1031-1046.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2004.01.005

Google Scholar

[21] M. Inapolat, and A. Kahraman, A dynamic model to predict modulation sidebands of a planetary gear set having manufacturing errors, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2010, 329, 371-393.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jsv.2009.09.022

Google Scholar

[22] M. Inapolat, and A. Kahraman, A theoretical and experimental investigation of modulation sidebands of planetary gear sets, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2009, 323, 677-696.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jsv.2009.01.004

Google Scholar

[23] F. Colbet and L. Gelman, Novel adaptation of the demodulation technology for gear damage detection to variable amplitudes of mesh harmonics, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2011, 25, 839-845.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2010.07.008

Google Scholar

[24] W.J. Staszewski, K. Worden, and G.R. Tomlinson, Time-frequency analysis in gearbox fault detection using Wigner-Ville distribution and pattern recognition, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 1997, 11, 673-692.

DOI: 10.1006/mssp.1997.0102

Google Scholar

[25] W.J. Staszewski, and G.R. Tomlinson, Application of the wavelet transform to fault detection of a spur gear, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 1994, 8, 289-307.

DOI: 10.1006/mssp.1994.1022

Google Scholar

[26] Z.K. Peng and F.L. Chu, Application of the wavelet transform in machine condition monitoring and fault diagnostics: A review with bibliography, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2004, 18, 199-221.

DOI: 10.1016/s0888-3270(03)00075-x

Google Scholar

[27] N.E. Huang, Z. Shen, S.R. Long, M.C. Wu, H.H. Shih, Q. Zheng, et al., The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis, Proceedings of Royal Society of London Series , 1998, 454, 903-995.

DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1998.0193

Google Scholar

[28] R. Ricci, and P. Pennacchi, Diagnostics of gear faults based on EMD and automatic selection of intrinsic mode functions, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2011, 25, 821-838.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2010.10.002

Google Scholar

[29] M. Parey, M.E.M. El Badaoui, F. Guillet, N. Tandon et al., Dynamic modelling of spur gear pair and application of empirical mode decomposition-based statistical analysis for early detection of localized tooth defect, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2006, 294, 547-561.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jsv.2005.11.021

Google Scholar

[30] J.D. Smith, Gear noise and vibration, 1999, 77-127, New York: McGraw-Hill.

Google Scholar

[31] H. Endo, R.B. Randall, and C. Gosselin, Differential diagnosis of spall vs. cracks in the gear tooth fillet region: Experimental validation, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2009, 23, 636-651.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2008.08.015

Google Scholar

[32] I. Howard, S. Jia, and J. Wang, The dynamic modeling of a spur gear in mesh including friction and a crack, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2001, 15, 831-853.

DOI: 10.1006/mssp.2001.1414

Google Scholar

[33] F. Chaari, W. Baccar, M.S. Abbes, M. Haddar et al., Effect of spalling or tooth breakage on gearmesh stiffness and dynamic response of a one-stage spur gear transmission, European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids, 2008, 27, 691-705.

DOI: 10.1016/j.euromechsol.2007.11.005

Google Scholar

[34] I. Yesilyurt, F. Gu, and A.D. Ball, Gear tooth stiffness reduction measurement using modal analysis and its use in wear fault severity assessment of spur gears, NDT & E International, 2003, 36, 357-372.

DOI: 10.1016/s0963-8695(03)00011-2

Google Scholar

[35] Z. Chen, and Y. Shao, Dynamic simulation of spur gear tooth root crack propagating along tooth width and crack depth, Engineering failure analysis, In Press, Corrected Proof.

DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2011.07.006

Google Scholar

[36] O. Contant, S. Lafortune and D. Teneketzis, Diagnosis of intermittent faults, Discrete Event Dynamic Systems: Theory and Applications, 2004, 14, 171-202.

DOI: 10.1023/b:disc.0000018570.20941.d2

Google Scholar

[37] J. Ding and Y.L. Wu, On the testing quality of random and pseudo-random sequences for permanent and intermittent faults, Design Automation Conference, (1999).

DOI: 10.1109/aspdac.1999.760021

Google Scholar

[38] AERODYN, FAST and ADAMS Design codes, http: /wind. nrel. gov/designcodes/simulators.

Google Scholar

[39] N.E. Huang, Z. Shen, S.R. Long, M.C. Wu, H.H. Shih, Q. Zheng, et al., The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis, Proceedings of Royal Society of London Series , 1998, 454, 903-995.

DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1998.0193

Google Scholar

[40] I. Antoniadou, W.J. Staszewski and K. Worden, Intermittent fault detection in gearboxes-a simulated case study, 18th International Congress on Sound and Vibration, 2011, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Google Scholar