Key Engineering Materials Vol. 615

Abstract: Calibration of Laser Tracker systems is based most times in the determination of its geometrical errors. Some standards as the ASME B89.4.19 [1] and the VDI 2617-10 [2] describe different tests to calculate the geometric misalignments that cause systematic errors in Laser Tracker measurements. These errors are caused not only because of geometrical misalignments and other sources of error must also be taken in count. In this work we want to state the errors in a kinematic form. Errors will be split in two different components, geometric and kinematic errors. The first ones depend on the offsets, tilts and eccentricity of the mechanical and optical components of the system. Kinematic errors are different for every position of the Laser tracker, so they will be formulated as functions of three system variables: distance (R), vertical angle (V) and horizontal angle (H) usually called d, φ and θ. The goal of this work is to set up an evaluation procedure to determine geometric and kinematic errors of Laser Trackers.

Abstract: Portable Measuring Arms or Articulated Arm Coordinate Measuring Machines (AACMMs) unique characteristics bring flexibility to the inspection task and allow outside laboratory measurements. However, still a few works study their metrological behavior, uncertainty or assessment. In fact, AACMM assessment involves time consuming and expensive processes mainly inherited from CMM field. A virtual circle gauge similar to ball bars and a methodology based on international standards are proposed in order to simplify the evaluation test. Additionally, two metrological laboratories have evaluated different AACMM models with this gauge. Also, two gauge lengths (distance between circles) have be included in this study. Results have proved that virtual circle gauges are suitable to evaluate AACMMs and tested the influence of distance between virtual circles.

Abstract: This work presents the development of an experimental study which aims to establish arelationship of temperature variations, deformation speeds and the possible microstructural changes in the AISI 304 stainless steel. For this, an IR thermographic camera recorded serveral tensile test with different deformation speeds.

Abstract: Surface modification of materials through thermal or chemical treatments and coatings development can be used to obtain improved behavior under abrasive and adhesive wear. A great variety of surface structures with different properties can be adapted to the most demanding requirements. This is due to the high number of parameters that can be controlled in each treatment, such as the technique used, the atmosphere, the use of additive elements to the base material, the thickness of the modified layers, etc., In order to monitoring more accurately the wear conditions on the alloy, tribological tests were carried out that enable to control anytime the application parameters of a process, thus generating very accurate, reliable and easier to evaluate data, than industrial machining processes. One of the most significant wear variables in the study is the change in volume of material experienced by the sample after the sliding process. This contribution aims at assessing the volume of worn material, analyzing the tribological behavior of surface treated by laser Ti6Al4V samples.

Abstract: Abstract. The essential purpose of this study is to develop the measurement procedures in order toevaluate the quality of the observations carried out using Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) equipment.It tries, in addition, to estimate an uncertainty value that allows the users to know the reliability of theinstrument measurements. The fundamental idea of this paper is to show the metrological control'sneed, and the quality of measure's evaluation for TLS equipment and to describe a working methodology,able to be reproducible, without the essential need of having a very complex infrastructure.

Abstract: This paper presents the problem of optical measuring machine calibration, emphasizing the calibration of the "optical system", omitting the calibration of the "machine system". The calibration of an optical measuring machine is the first step before using the instrument for any application. For this purpose, a mathematical model has been developed to transform the coordinates of a point in space (3D) into coordinates of a point in an image (2D). Using this camera model, a calibration procedure has been developed using a grid distortion pattern. Finally, a procedure for calculating the uncertainty of the camera and geometric distortion parameters based on the Monte Carlo method has been developed.

Abstract: Maintenance operations are particular important in continuous systems and even more so when they apply to the part considered the system’s bottleneck. Although complex support systems that help in decision-making decision therefore tend to be used, in industrial plants use of a simple indicator can facilitate management and help improve results. Concern for the environment and environmental legislation is meanwhile prompting a need to reduce CO₂ emissions. Hence, the proposal for the introduction of the CO₂ emissions/Production indicator. This paper will therefore both evaluate whether it is suitable as an indicator of system efficiency, with consideration for availability, stoppage time, average stoppage time and the duration of micro-stops, and also consider the ratio between monthly emissions and emissions on days with stops.

Abstract: This paper presents the importance of obtaining the application of a maintenance technique that satisfies in a precise way the different needs of the production process, independently of its technical complexity or difficulty of access to the industrial plant facilities. This is the case of the plants with a high automation level or wind farms located in remote places with low accessibility. Besides this, the studied situations have in common the low level of physical operation in its production process.

Abstract: Functional data appear in a multitude of industrial applications and processes. However, in many cases at present, such data continue to be studied from the conventional standpoint based on Statistical Process Control (SPC), losing the capacity of analyzing different aspects over the time. In this study is presented a Statistical Control Process based on functional data analysis to identify outliers or special causes of variability of harmonics appearing in power systems which can negatively impact on quality of electricity supply. The results obtained from the functional approach are compared with those obtained with conventional Statistical Process Control that has been done firstly.

Abstract: Integration of the main formal management systems complying ISO 9001, ISO 14001, OSHAS 18001, UNE 166002 and SGE 21 results in the reduction of their implementation and maintenance costs. This paper proposes a cost control model applied to an integrated management system to calculate the costs of implementation and omissions of its activities and thus can be used as a support tool for decision making by management.