Analysis of Tensile Test of Titanium EBW Sheet

Abstract:

The continuous pursuit of vehicle weight reduction forces the industry to look for alternative materials to steel. Light alloys such as aluminium or titanium are materials that provide a decrease in weight using conventional technologies. Additional weight reduction results from using tailor-welded blanks (TWB). While the joining and forming steel or even aluminium TWBs is quite well known and described in the technical literature, joining and forming titanium TWBs still poses a significant problem. In the paper, experimental tests carried out with welded samples manufactured from commercially pure titanium Gr 2 and titanium alloy Gr 5 sheets are presented. The samples were joined by electron beam welding. Mechanical testing and optical microscopy were used to characterise the welds and the base metal of the samples. The samples were subjected to uniaxial tension up to final failure. The 3‑D Digital Image Correlation system ARAMIS was used for monitoring the whole deformation process. This makes it possible for real-time observation of sample deformation. The test results and the numerical analysis of the tensile tests are compared. The numerical simulations were carried out with the ADINA System based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). The mechanical analysis leads to calculation of the strain state after sample deformation in uniaxial tension (mechanical model).

• Periodical: Key Engineering Materials (Volume 639)
• Pages: 339-346
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.639.339
• Online since: March 2015
• Authors: Janina Adamus*, Maciej Motyka
• Keywords: Numerical Simulation, Tensile Strength, Titanium

References

[1] A.A. Zadpoor, J. Sinke, R. Benedictus, Mechanics of tailor-welded blanks: an overview, Key Eng. Mat. 344 (2007) 373-382.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.344.373

[2] W. Piekarska, M. Kubiak, Theoretical investigations into heat transfer in laser-welded steel sheets, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 110 (1) (2012) 159-166.

DOI: 10.1007/s10973-012-2486-0

[3] P. Lacki, J. Adamus, W. Więckowski, J. Winowiecka, Modelling of Stamping Process of Titanium Tailor-Welded Blanks, Computer Methods in Materials Science 13/2 (2013a) 339-344.

[4] M. Schubert, M. Klassen, I. Zerner, C. Walz, G. Sepold, Light-weight structures produced by laser beam joining for future applications in automobile and aerospace industry, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 115 (2001) 2-8.

DOI: 10.1016/s0924-0136(01)00756-7

[5] P.A. Friedman, G.T. Kridli, Microstructural and mechanical investigation of aluminum tailor-welded blanks, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 9/5 (2000) 541-551.

DOI: 10.1361/105994900770345674

[6] J. Adamus, P. Lacki, Analysis of forming titanium welded blanks. Comp. Mater. Sci. 94 (2014) 66–72.

DOI: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2014.01.055

[7] P. Lacki, K. Adamus, K. Wojsyk, M. Zawadzki, Numerical simulation of electron beam welding process of Inconel 706 sheets, Key Eng. Mat. 473 (2011) 540-547.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.473.540

[8] B. Kinsey, V. Viswanathan, J. Cao, Forming of aluminium tailor welded blanks, Journal of Materials & Manufacturing, 110/5 (2001) 673-679.

[9] J. Winowiecka, W. Wiȩckowski, M. Zawadzki, Evaluation of drawability of tailor-welded blanks made of titanium alloys Grade 2 || Grade 5, Comp. Mater. Sci. 77, (2013)108 – 113.

DOI: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2013.04.026

[10] Q. Yunlian, D. Ju, H. Quan, , Z. Liying, Electron beam welding, laser beam welding and gas tungsten arc welding of titanium sheets, Mater. Sci. Eng. A280 (2000) 177–181.

DOI: 10.1016/s0921-5093(99)00662-0

[11] L. Fratini, F. Micari, A. Squillace, G. Giorleo, Experimental characterisation of FSW T-joints of light alloys, Key Eng. Mater. 344 (2007) 751-758.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.344.751

[12] P. Lacki, K. Adamus, Numerical simulation of the EBW process, Comput. Struct. 89 (2011) 977-985.

[13] P. Lacki, K. Adamus, Numerical simulation of welding thin titanium sheets, Key Eng. Mat. 549 (2013) 407-414.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.549.407

[14] P. Lacki, J. Adamus, W. Więckowski, J. Winowiecka, Evaluation of drawability of titanium welded sheets, Arch. Metall. Mater. 58/1 (2013b) 139–143.

DOI: 10.2478/v10172-012-0164-7

[15] J. Rojek, M. Hyrcza-Michalska, A. Bokota, W. Piekarska, W., 2012. Determination of mechanical properties of the weld zone in tailor-welded blanks, Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 12 (2) 156-162.

DOI: 10.1016/j.acme.2012.04.004

[16] C.P. Lai, L.C. Chan, C.L. Chow: Effects of Stress Relieving on Limit Dome Height of Titanium Tailor-Welded Blanks at Elevated Temperatures, Materials Science Forum, 532-533 (2006) 977-980.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.532-533.977

[17] M. Merklein, A. Giera, Laser assisted friction stir welding of drawable steel-aluminium tailored hybrids, International Journal of Material Forming 1/ 1 (2008) 1299–1302.

DOI: 10.1007/s12289-008-0141-x

[18] M. Kreimeyer, F. Wagner, F. Vollertsen, Laser processing of aluminum–titanium-tailored blanks, Opt. Laser. Eng. 43 (2005) 1021–1035.

DOI: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2004.07.005

[19] R. Padmanabhan, M.C. Oliveira, L.F. Menezes, Deep drawing of aluminium–steel tailor-welded blanks, Mater. Design 29 (2008) 154–160.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2006.11.007

[20] A. Carabineanu, N. Peride, E. Rapeanu, E.M. Craciun, Mathematical modelling of the interface crack. A new improved numerical method, Comp. Mater. Sci. 46 (2009) 677–681.

DOI: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2009.04.032

[21] J. Adamus, P. Lacki, Investigation of sheet-titanium forming with flexible tool – experiment and simulation, Arch. Metall. Mater. 57/4 (2012) 1247-1252.

DOI: 10.2478/v10172-012-0139-8

[22] D. Sanders, P. Edwards, G. Grant, M. Ramulu, A. Reynolds, Superplastically formed friction stir welded tailored aluminum and titanium blanks for aerospace applications, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 19 (2010) 515-520.

DOI: 10.1007/s11665-010-9617-1

[23] J. Adamus, P. Lacki, M. Motyka, EBW titanium sheets as material for drawn parts, Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. (2014) DOI: 10. 1016/j. acme. 2014. 04. 004.

DOI: 10.1016/j.acme.2014.04.004