Influence of BFS Content in the Mechanical Properties and Acid Attack Resistance of Fly Ash Based Geopolymers

Abstract:

This paper analyzes the influence of an extra calcium source (added as blast furnace slag) on certain properties of fly ash based geopolymers using sodium silicate as activating solution. Geopolymers were manufactured with different fly ash/blast furnace slag (FA/BFS) ratios: 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, and 20/80. The properties studied in the geopolymers were their compressive strength and acid attack resistance. The addition of BFS improves geopolymer compressive strength at early stages. Compressive strength increases as the proportion of BFS in the mixture increases. However, maximum compressive strength was found for a determined BFS content value in the geopolymers, so that a clear reduction of this parameter was appreciated when the BFS content increased above this value. The resistance to acid attack improves in the presence of BFS possibly due to the formation of a calcium sulphate precipitate layer that increases the compressive strength and also operates as a protective coating that hinders geopolymer deterioration.

• Periodical: Key Engineering Materials (Volume 663)
• Pages: 50-61
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.663.50
• Online since: September 2015
• Authors: Yolanda Luna Galiano*, Constantino Fernández Pereira, C.M. Pérez, P. Suarez
• Keywords: Acid Attack, Blast Furnace Slag, Compressive Strength, Fly Ash, Geopolymers

References

[1] S. Alonso, A. Palomo, Alkaline activation of metakaolin and calcium hydroxide mixtures: influence of temperature, activator concentration and solids ratio, Mat. Lett. 47 (2001) 55– 62.

DOI: 10.1016/s0167-577x(00)00212-3

[2] J. Cabrera, M.F. Rojas, Mechanism of hydration of the metakaolin–lime–water system, Cem. Concr. Res. 31 (2001) 177–182.

DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8846(00)00456-7

[3] M. Frias, J. Cabrera, Influence of MK on the reaction kinetics in MK/lime and MK-blended cement systems at 20 ºC, Cem. Concr. Res. 31 (2001) 519– 527.

DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8846(00)00465-8

[4] W.K.W. Lee, J.S.J. Van Deventer, The effect of ionic contaminants on the early-age properties of alkali-activated fly ash-based concretes, Cem. Concr. Res. 32(4) (2002) 577-584.

DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8846(01)00724-4

[5] J. Temuujin, A. Van Riessen, R. Williams, Influence of calcium compounds on the mechanical properties of fly ash geopolymer pastes, J. Hazard. Mater. 167(1-3) (2009) 82-88.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.121

[6] F. Puertas, M. Palacios, Effect of shrinkage-reducing admixtures on the properties of alkali-activated slag mortars and pastes, Cem. Concr. Res. 37(5) (2007) 691–702.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.11.021

[7] A. Fernández-Jiménez, J.G. Palomo, F. Puertas, Alkali-activated slag mortars: Mechanical strength behaviour, Cem. Concr. Res. 29(8) (1999) 1313-1321.

DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8846(99)00154-4

[8] J.J. Chang, W. Yeih, C.C. Hung, Effects of gypsum and phosphoric acid on the properties of sodium silicate-based slag pastes, Cem. Concr. Compos. 27(1) (2005) 85–91.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2003.12.001

[9] I.G. Richardson, J.G. Cabrera, The nature of CSH in model slag-cements, Cem. Concr. Compos. 22 (2000) 259–266.

[10] P. Chindaprasirt, T. Chareerat, V. Sirivivatnanon, Workability and strength of coarse high calcium fly ash geopolymer, Cem. Concr. Compos. 29 (2007) 224–229.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.11.002

[11] P. Chindaprasirt, C. Jaturapitakkul, W. Chalee, U. Rattanasak, Comparative study on the characteristics of fly ash and bottom ash geopolymers, Waste Manage. 29 (2009) 539-543.

DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.023

[12] J.G.S. Van Jaarsveld, J.S.J. Van Deventer, G.C. Lukey, The characterization of source materials in fly ash-based geopolymers, Chem. Eng. Commun. 191 (2003) 531-549.

DOI: 10.1016/s0167-577x(02)00971-0

[13] E.I. Diaz, E.N. Allouche, S. Ecklund, Factors affecting the suitability of fly ash as source material for geopolymers, Fuel 89 (2010) 992–996.

DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2009.09.012

[14] R.R. Lloyd, J.L. Provis, J.S.J. Van Deventer, J.S. J, Acid Resistance of Inorganic Polymer Binders. 1. Corrosion Rate, Mater. Struct. 45(1-2) (2012) 1-14.

DOI: 10.1617/s11527-011-9744-7

[15] ASTM D-3682-78. "Major and Minor Elements in Coal and Coke Ash by atomic Absorption.

[16] F.H. Chung, Quantitative interpretation of x-ray diffraction patterns of mixture iii: simultaneous determination of a set of reference intensities, J. Appl. Crystalogr. 7 (1974) 17-19.

DOI: 10.1107/s0021889875009454

[17] F.H. Chung, Quantitative interpretation of x-ray diffraction patterns of mixture i and ii: matrix flushing method for quantitative multicomponent analysis, J Appl Crystalogr 7 (1974) 519-531.

DOI: 10.1107/s0021889874010375

[18] P.H. Klug E.L. Alexander, X-ray diffraction procedures for polycrystalline and amorphous materials (1974) 2nd Edition.

[19] Y. Luna, C. Fernández Pereira, J. Vale, Waste Stabilization/Solidification (S/S) of Eaf Dust Using Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers. Influence of Carbonation on the Stabilized Solids, Coal. Combust. Gasification. Products. 2 (2010) 1-8.

DOI: 10.4177/ccgp-d-09-00015.1

[20] ASTM (1991) E 761-86: Compressive strength of the fire-resistive material applied to structural member. ASTM International, USA.

[21] T. Cerulli, C. Pistolesi, C. Maltese, D. Salvioni, Durability of traditional plasters with respect to blast furnace slag-based plaster, Cem. Concr. Res. 33 (2003) 1375–1383.

DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8846(03)00072-3

[22] F. Puertas, S. Martinez-Ramirez, A. Alonso, T. Vasquez, Alkaliactivated fly ash/slag cements: strength behaviour and hydration products, Cem. Concr. Res. 30(10) (2000) 1625–1632.

DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8846(00)00298-2

[23] C.K. Yip, G.C. Lukey, J.S.J. Van Deventer, The coexistence of the geopolymeric gel and calcium silicate hydrate at the early stage of alkaline activation, Cem. Concr. Res. 35 (2005)1688-1697.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.10.042

[24] P. Nath, P.K. Sarker, Geopolymer concrete for ambient curing condition. Departament of civil engineering. Curtin University (2010).

[25] K. Vijai, R. Kumutha, B.G. Vishnuram, Effect of types of curing on strength of geopolymer concrete. Int. J. Phys. Sci. 5(9) (2010) 1419-1423.

[26] D. Khale, R. Chaudhary, Mechanism of geopolymerization and factors influencing its development: a review, J. Mater. Sci. 42(3) (2007) 729-746.

DOI: 10.1007/s10853-006-0401-4

[27] P. Xincheng, Y. Changhui, L. Fan, Studies on resistance of alkali-activated slag concrete to acid attack, In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Alkaline Cements and Concretes. (1999) 717-722.

[28] A. Allahverdi, F. Škvára, Sulfuric acid attack on hardened paste of geopolymer cements. Part 1. Mechanism of corrosion at relatively high concentrations, Ceramics−Silikáty 49 (4) (2005) 225-229.

[29] Y. Luna Galiano. 2013. Study of stabilization/solidificationo of industrial wastes by means the technology of geopolymers based on fly ash from thermal power station. Ph.D. Thesis of University of Seville. Spain.