Recommendations for a New Generation of Standards for Testing Numerical Assessment of Blast-Loaded Glass Windows

Abstract:

The determination of the blast protection level of civil engineering buildings components against explosive effects represents a design topic of crucial importance, in current practice. However, some key aspects of blast resistant structures design have been only marginally considered in the last decade, and currently still require appropriate regulations. This is especially true in the case of glass windows and facades, where the intrinsic material brittleness is the major influencing parameter for blast-resistant assemblies. While blast assessment of buildings and systems is usually achieved by means of experimental investigations, as well as Finite-Element numerical simulations, general regulations and guidelines are currently missing. In this regard, the European Reference Network for Critical Infrastructure Protection - Task Group (ERNCIP-TG) “Resistance of Structures to Explosion Effects” attempts to develop guidelines and recommendations aimed to harmonise test procedures in experimental testing of glass windows under blast, as well as standardized approaches for their vulnerability assessment via Finite Element numerical modelling. In this paper, major ERNCIP-TG outcomes and next challenges are briefly summarized.

• Periodical: Key Engineering Materials (Volume 755)
• Pages: 121-130
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.755.121
• Online since: September 2017
• Authors: Martin Larcher, Michel Arrigoni*, Chiara Bedon, Ans van Doormaal, Christof Haberacker, Götz Hüsken, Oliver Millon, Arja Saarenheimo, George Solomos, Laurent Thamie, Georgios Valsamos, Andy Williams, Alexander Stolz
• Keywords: Blast Loaded Glass Windows, Blast Protection, Experimental Testing, Finite Element Numerical Modelling, Standardisation

References

[1] Kalamar, R., Bedon, C., & Eliášová, M. (2017). Assessing the structural behaviour of square hollow glass columns subjected to combined compressive and impact loads via full-scale experiments. Engineering Structures, 143, 127-140.

DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.04.016

[2] G. Balssa, G. Panofre, J. F. Hurstel, J. Bez, C. Capdevielle, and V. Sciortino. Explosion de l'usine AZF de Toulouse: description des lésions prises en charge au titre d'accident du travail par la Caisse primaire d'assurance maladie de la Haute-Garonne. 65(6): 463–469, (2004).

DOI: 10.1016/s1775-8785(04)93503-5

[3] Forquin, P. (2017). Brittle materials at high-loading rates: an open area of research. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2017 375 20160436; DOI: 10. 1098/rsta. 2016. 0436.

DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0436

[4] Amadio C, Bedon C. Buckling of laminated glass elements in compression. J. Struct. Eng. 2011; 137(8): 803–10.

DOI: 10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000328

[5] https: /erncip-project. jrc. ec. europa. eu/networks/tgs/buildings, consulted the 24th of April (2017).

[6] R. Müller and M. Wagner. Berechnung sprengwirkungshemmender Fenster- und Fassadenkonstruktionen. Bauingenieur, 81(11): 475–487, (2008).

[7] M. Timmel, S. Kolling, P. Osterrieder, and P. Du Bois. A finite element model for impact simulation with laminated glass. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 34: 1465–1478, (2007).

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.07.008

[8] D. Sun, F. Andrieux, A. Ockewitz, H. Klamser, and J. Hogenmüller. Modelling of the failure behaviour of windscreens and component tests. In 5th European LS-DYNA Users Conference, 25-26 May, (2005).

[9] X. Zhang, H. Hao, and G. Ma. Parametric study of laminated glass window response to blast loads. Engineering Structures, 56: 1707 – 1717, (2013).

DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.08.007

[10] S. J. Bennison, A. Jagota, and C. A. Smith. Fracture of glass/poly(vinyl butyral) (butacite) laminates in biaxial flexure. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 82(7): 1761–1770, (1999).

DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1999.tb01997.x

[11] H. D. Hidallana-Gamage, D. P. Thambiratnam, and N. J. Perera. Design guidance for blast-resistant glazing. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 21(3): 04015003, (2015).

DOI: 10.1061/(asce)ae.1943-5568.0000161

[12] M. Larcher, G. Solomos, F. Casadei, N. Gebbeken. Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Laminated Glass Subjected to Blast Loading. International Journal of Impact Engineering 39: 42-50, (2012).

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2011.09.006

[12] A. Burmeister. Moderne Fassaden - Explosionsschutz. In Glas im konstruktiven Ingenieurbau, Hochschule München, (2008).

[13] J. Pelfrene, J. Kuntsche, S. V. Dam, W. V. Paepegem, and J. Schneider. Critical assessment of the post-breakage performance of blast loaded laminated glazing: Experiments and simulations. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 88: 61 – 71, (2016).

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.09.008

[14] X. Zhang, H. Hao, and G. Ma. Parametric study of laminated glass window response to blast loads. Engineering Structures, 56: 1707 – 1717, (2013).

DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.08.007

[15] Larcher, M., Arrigoni, M., Bedon, C., van Doormaal, J. C. A. M., Haberacker, C., Hüsken, G.,.. & Valsamos, G. (2016).

[16] A. van Doormaal, C. Haberacker, G. Hüsken, M. Larcher, A. Saarenheimo, G. Solomos, A. Stolz, L. Thamie, and C. Bedon. Numerical simulations for classification of blast loaded laminated glass: possibilities, limitations and recommendations - ERNCIP Thematic Group: Resistance of structures to explosion effects. Number JRC94928. Publications Office of the European Union, (2014).

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.755.121

[17] John M. Biggs (1964), Introduction to Structural Dynamics, McGraw-Hill Companies.

[18] Unified Facilities Criteria UFC 3-240-02, 2008. Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions, US Department of Defense, US Army Corps of Engineers, Naval facilities Engineering Command, Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency – 5 December 2008 (replaces ARMY TM5-1300 of November 1990).

DOI: 10.21236/ada530875

[19] Locking P. The Trouble with TNT equivalence, 26th International Symposium of Ballistics, Miami, (2011).

[20] Dobratz, B. M., and P. C. Crawford. LLNL Handbook of Explosives, UCRL-52997, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory., Change 2 (1985): 8-21.

[21] Cooper, Paul W., Stanley R. Kurowski, and Paul W. Cooper. Introduction to the Technology of Explosives. New York: VCH, (1996).

[22] Kingery, Charles N. Air blast parameters versus distance for hemispherical TNT surface bursts. No. BRL-1344. ARMY BALLISTIC RESEARCH LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, (1966).

[23] Kinney, Gilbert Ford, and Kenneth Judson Graham. Explosive shocks in air., Berlin and New York, Springer-Verlag, (1985).

[24] Karlos V; Solomos G; Larcher M. Analysis of the blast wave decay coefficient using the Kingery-Bulmash data. International Journal of Protective Strutures, 7 (3): 409-429, (2016).

DOI: 10.1177/2041419616659572