Biocomposites Based on Agar and Cellulose Nanofibers Prepared from Carrot Slag

Abstract:

In this study, the effect of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) prepared from carrot slag on the properties of agar biocomposite films is investigated. The composite film was characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), tensile test, fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The transmittance, mechanical properties and chemical structure of the composite film containing different CNF content (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 phr based on agar) were studied. The UV-Vis showed that the transmittance of the film was decreased with increasing content of CNF. The FT-IR spectrum showed that the generation of hydrogen bonds leads to good interface bonding between Agar and CNF. Moreover, the performance of the bionanocomposite was improved by the addition of CNF. The composite containing 0.3 phr CNF results in a maximum tensile strength of 25.97 MPa. However, the tensile strength of the 0.5 phr CNF containing one is reduced to 24.42 MPa due to the agglomeration of CNF. The TEM shows that the diameter of CNF is 2.5 nm and the length is 18.20 nm. The usage of CNF obtained from carrot slag can not only recycle the waste from food industry, but also can be used as a reinforcing agent for preparing biodegradable composite film. It has potential uses in the development of biodegradable food packaging materials and biomedical applications.

• Periodical: Key Engineering Materials (Volume 889)
• Pages: 32-37
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.889.32
• Online since: June 2021
• Authors: Yeng Fong Shih, Wei Sheng Su*
• Keywords: Agar Film, Bionanocomposites, Carrot Fibers, Cellulose Nanofibers

References

[1] T. V. Duncan, in: Applications of nanotechnology in food packaging and food safety: Barrier materials, antimicrobials and sensors, J. Colloid Interface Sci. Vol. 363 (2011), pp.1-24.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.07.017

[2] S. Shankar and J. W. Rhim, in: Preparation of nanocellulose from micro-crystalline cellulose: The effect on the performance and properties of agar-based composite films, Carbohydr. Polym. Vol. 135 (2016), p.18–26.

DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.082

[3] N. R. Savadekar, V. S. Karande, N. Vigneshwaran, P. G. Kadam and S. T. Mhaske, in: Preparation of cotton linter nanowhiskers by high-pressure homogenization process and its application in thermoplastic starch, Appl. Nanosci. Vol. 5 (2015), pp.281-290.

DOI: 10.1007/s13204-014-0316-3

[4] A. Campos, A. R. S. Neto, V. B. Rodrigues, B. R. Luchesi, F. K. V. Moreira, A. C. Correa, L. H. C. Mattoso and J. M. Marconcini, in: Bionanocomposites produced from cassava starch and oil palm mesocarp cellulose nanowhiskers, Carbohydr. Polym. Vol. 175 (2017), pp.330-336.

DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.080

[5] A. C. Souza, R. Benze, E. S. Ferrão, C. Ditchfield, A. C. V. Coelho, C.C. Tadini, in: Cassava starch biodegradable films: Influence of glycerol and clay nanoparticles content on tensile and barrier properties and glass transition temperature, LWT Vol.46 (2012), pp.110-117.

DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2011.10.018

[6] M. Mahardika, H. Abral, A. Kasim, S. Arief, F. Hafizulhaq and M. Asrofi, in: Properties of cellulose nanofiber/bengkoang starch bionanocomposites: Effect of fiber loading, LWT Vol. 116 (2019), 108554.

DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108554

[7] M. Fazeli, M. Keley and E. Biazar, in: Preparation and characterization of starch-based composite films reinforced by cellulose nanofibers, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. Vol. 116 (2018), pp.272-280.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.186

[8] A. Isogai, T. Saito and H. Fukuzumi, in: TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers, Nanoscale Vol. 3 (2011), p.71–85.

DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00583e