Morphology and Acoustical Properties of Sago Pith Waste Reinforced Polyester Composites

Abstract:

Indonesia generates abundant sago pith waste (SPW) because the country is the world's largest producer of sago starch. Although many efforts and studies have been devoted to processing this waste, SPW has not been utilized properly, and a large amount of SPW remains unprocessed and thrown away. On the other hand, increasing noise levels have become a problem in Indonesia due to the rapid industrialization in recent years. In this study, SPW is tested for use as a sound-absorbing material by first converting it into composite materials. The composites were manufactured by using unsaturated polyester resin mixed with SPW particles in three different volume fractions: 20% SPW, 30% SPW, and 40% SPW. SEM micrographs were performed to observe the morphology of the SPW particles and the composites. SEM micrographs revealed honeycomb structures of the SPW, and the average diameter of dried sago starch particles was observed to be around 5 μm. Further SEM examination on the composite specimens only found pores and holes previously occupied by sago starch particles, while the honeycomb structures were difficult to find except for the specimens with 40% SPW. The acoustics tests of all composite specimens were conducted using a set of impedance tubes between 0 and 6000 Hz. The plot lines of the coefficient of sound absorption are complex, and the SPW volume fraction that produces the best coefficient is affected by the sound frequency. However, the composite specimen with 30% SPW appears to have the best overall sound absorption properties.

• Periodical: Key Engineering Materials (Volume 998)
• Pages: 53-63
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-27hFxB
• Online since: December 2024
• Authors: Luthfi Luthfi*
• Keywords: Impedance Tube Test, Sago Pith Waste, Sound Absorption Coefficient, SPW Morphology, Unsaturated Polyester Resin

References

[1] Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., Schwela, D. H., and Organization, W. H., "Guidelines for Community Noise," 1999.

[2] Levak, K., Horvat, M., and Domitrovic, H., "Effects of Noise on Humans," Vol. 1, 2008, p.333–336.

[3] Ersoy, S., and Küçük, H., "Investigation of Industrial Tea-Leaf-Fibre Waste Material for Its Sound Absorption Properties," Applied Acoustics, Vol. 70, No. 1, 2009, p.215–220

DOI: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2007.12.005

[4] Sari, N. H., Wardana, I. N. G., Irawan, Y. S., and Siswanto, E., "Corn Husk Fiber-Polyester Composites as Sound Absorber: Nonacoustical and Acoustical Properties," Advances in Acoustics and Vibration, Vol. 2017, 2017

DOI: 10.1155/2017/4319389

[5] Smirnova, O. M., de Navascués, I. M. P., Mikhailevskii, V. R., Kolosov, O. I., and Skolota, N. S., "Sound-Absorbing Composites with Rubber Crumb from Used Tires," Applied Sciences (Switzerland), Vol. 11, No. 16, 2021

DOI: 10.3390/app11167347

[6] Baccouch, W., Ghith, A., Yalcin-Enis, I., Sezgin, H., Miled, W., Legrand, X., and Faten, F., "Investigation of the Mechanical, Thermal, and Acoustical Behaviors of Cotton, Polyester, and Cotton/Polyester Nonwoven Wastes Reinforced Epoxy Composites," Journal of Industrial Textiles, Vol. 51, No. 6, 2022, p.876–899

DOI: 10.1177/1528083720901864

[7] Moulya, H. V., Vasu, V. K., Praveena, B. A., Rajesh, M., Ruthuparna, S. A., and Rahul, K., "Study on Acoustic Properties of Polyester - Fly Ash Cenosphere\Nanographene Composites," Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 52, No. 3, 2022, p.1272–1277. https://doi.org/

DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.052

[8] Chen, D., Li, J., and Ren, J., "Study on Sound Absorption Property of Ramie Fiber Reinforced Poly(l-Lactic Acid) Composites: Morphology and Properties," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 41, No. 8, 2010, p.1012–1018

DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.04.007

[9] Küçük, M., and Korkmaz, Y., "The Effect of Physical Parameters on Sound Absorption Properties of Natural Fiber Mixed Nonwoven Composites," Textile Research Journal, Vol. 82, No. 20, 2012, p.2043–2053

DOI: 10.1177/0040517512441987

[10] Yang, W. D., and Li, Y., "Sound Absorption Performance of Natural Fibers and Their Composites," Science China Technological Sciences, Vol. 55, No. 8, 2012, p.2278–2283

DOI: 10.1007/s11431-012-4943-1

[11] Jayamani, E., and Hamdan, S., "Sound Absorption Coefficients Natural Fibre Reinforced Composites," Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 701, 2013, p.53–58

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.701.53

[12] Jayamani, E., Hamdan, S., Rahman, M. R., and Bakri, M. K. Bin, "Investigation of Fiber Surface Treatment on Mechanical, Acoustical and Thermal Properties of Betelnut Fiber Polyester Composites," Procedia Engineering, Vol. 97, 2014, p.545–554

DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.282

[13] Zhang, J., Shen, Y., Jiang, B., and Li, Y., "Sound Absorption Characterization of Natural Materials and Sandwich Structure Composites," Aerospace, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2018, p.1–13

DOI: 10.3390/aerospace5030075

[14] Hamid, M., "Strategi Pengembangan Sagu Di Kabupaten Kepualauan Meranti," JIP (J. Ind. dan Perkota.), Vol. 18, No. 2, 2022, p.54.

DOI: 10.31258/jip.18.2.54-62

[15] Rasyid, T. H., Kusumawaty, Y., and Hadi, S., "The Utilization of Sago Waste: Prospect and Challenges," IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Vol. 415, No. 1, 2020

DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/415/1/012023

[16] Amin, N., Sabli, N., Izhar, S., and Yoshida, H., "Sago Wastes and Its Applications," Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 27, No. 4, 2019, p.1841–1862.

[17] Kusno, A., Asriani, S., Kamil, K., and Jamala, N., "Preliminary Study on Acoustical Characteristics of Sago Midrib Composite," IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 619, No. 1, 2019

DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/619/1/012043

[18] Zainab, N., Khairul Aidil Azlin, A. R., Nazlina, S., Hasnain, H., Norhaizat, S., Teng, J. X., and Lawai, V., "Production of Fire-Retardant Sound-Absorbing Panels from Sago Waste," Journal of Tropical Forest Science, Vol. 25, No. 4, 2013, p.510–515.