Materials Science Forum Vol. 1006

Abstract: The paper considers the transition from traditional methods and systems for determining the standard and limit states of potentially dangerous objects by criteria of strength, resource and reliability to new perspective methods for assessing the risks of managing them. The conditions for ensuring the complex safety and security of the equipment and high-risk structures by the criteria of acceptable and managed risks are determined. It is established that the level of risk for assessing the safety status of a potentially dangerous object is defined as a probabilistic measure of the occurrence of man-made or natural phenomena, which are accompanied by the formation and action of harmful factors, as well as inflicted social, environmental, economic and other kinds of losses.

Abstract: The engineering method of analysis of pressure of a ground on flat walls is offered at presence of combine strip superficial loading in view of seismic influences. It is recommended to determine a situation of an internal slip surface dividing an elastic zone from area of limiting balance, on the basis of the technical theory of the ultimate stress condition. Proceeding from a situation of an internal and external slip plane, size of strip loading on the fill, the pressure of a ground which is taking place in an ultimate condition, on an internal slip surface of is determined on developed by P. Yakovlev to the specified Coulomb's method [1], and on an internal side of a retaining structure on the basis of the Boussinesq decision. In comparison with the earlier developed way it is offered specified according to the Boussinesq theory a method of definition of pressure transmitted by bed on a ground of the basis and, as a consequence more reasonable definition of safety factor of stability of a structure. Thus, curvilinear normal pressure diagram in a ground under a sole of lay is replaced on isosides trapeziform.

Abstract: Breakthroughs in the development of science and technology of fire testing and fire resistance tests, their present state are discussed, and ideas about the future development of fire resistance tests are given, furthermore the directions in which deeper studies are necessary, are marked. The first revolution in fire resistance testing began not so long ago, in the nineteenth century, when basic tools were developed to measure temperature and heat fluxes. The second revolution in the measurement and understanding of fire occurred in the early twentieth century with the worldwide recognition that scientifically well-reasoned fire-fighting standards are needed to protect people's lives and their property. At the same time, engineering innovations were developed for electromechanical equipment that could automatically record data obtained during a fire experimentally. This progress in data recording has made it possible to study fire behaviour in details. The third revolution in fire resistance testing took place in the second half of the twentieth century with the development of accessible digital data and computer recording equipment that improved data analysis and the development of evidence-based forecast models. The widespread application of technology and computational methods have opened up a theoretical world that provides nuanced insight of fire dynamics and gives the means for development of more effective fire test methods.

Abstract: The purpose of research was to develop a methodology for testing the fire-resistant quality of a building fragment influenced by a real fire to substantiate the main calculation methodology provisions and determine the residual load-carrying ability. While testing, it was supposed to determine the technical state of reinforced-concrete structures after high-temperature exposure and further intensive extinguishment. High-temperature heating and further fire extinguishing with water leads to the surface layers’ destruction and weakening of concrete. Impact on the structures of the open air leads to destruction and delamination of weakened concrete with further exposing of reinforcement and its corrosion. The approach, implemented in LIRA-SAPR software package, makes possible to take into account the influence of changes in the temperature regime of operation on the stress-strain state of the structure. After determining the temperature fields, it is necessary to reduce the rigidity characteristics of materials and perform a calculation of strength. When using this approach in order to determine the total deformations of the structure, it is necessary to take into account the creep deformation.

Abstract: In the article, the results of experimental researches of elements of structural steel reinforced slabs are presented. And the particularities of the work of structural designs under load are identified.

Abstract: The article describes the results of an experiment that was done to develop a technique of reinforcement strength characteristics determination by using method of “thread cut”, after various temperature effects on it.

Abstract: The nitrification process inside the water treatment facilities is an environmental threat because it might cause unacceptable concentrations of nitrites in drinking water. Special data processing has been carried out in the course of daily monitoring of concentration levels for ammonium, nitrogen, nitrites, and nitrates in the Siverskyi Donets river at the water intake site, and downstream, in the water mass having passed through the facilities of the water treatment complex "Donets". Based on the above studies, a positive correlation was revealed (with a correlation coefficient of 0.64-0.93) between the activity of nitrification processes in the natural reservoir and the activity of nitrification inside the water treatment facilities. The environmental outcomes of the nitrification processes inside the water treatment facilities might be dangerous. Experimental studies have proven that the zeolite backfill of the rapid filters installed at the water treatment complex is the most favorable medium for immobilization of the nitrifying bacteria in comparison with other backfills of silica sand or anthracite coal, therefore it is quite suitable for the development of nitrification process. The studies have shown that nitrites do not accumulate in water after water treatment procedures, therefore, the rate of phase I nitrification inside these facilities does not exceed the rate of the second phase. To clean the filtering backfill of these microorganisms, a conventional technological wash is fairly enough.

Abstract: The climate change prognosis in the Kharkiv region shows an increasing danger of forest fires and negative consequences for the environmental components. In this article the negative impact from forests fires on the environment have been analyzed. The new method is proposed for cleaning the surface runoff, which is formed after a forest fire, by filtering in artificial or natural through the biological trenches using basalt chips of 0,5–2 mm in size as a filtration nozzle. Use of the proposed method of surface runoff purification will improve the water ecosystem sanitation and the increase of the ecological safety due to the production company wastes utilization. The proposed method of stormwater treatment is easy to operate, ecologically friendly and economically advantageous.

Abstract: Toxicological assessment of waste detergent solutions were carried out to determine the hazardous degree of these solutions. The results of this assessment showed that even a significant dilution of the waste detergent solutions does not guarantee their environmental safety.

Abstract: In Ukraine there is a tendency to increase the number of man-made emergencies, which directly affects the state of the environment and the population. Particularly dangerous situations are formed in case of disturbance of objects with high risk conditions, which include oil extraction enterprises. Observing the state of the environment and the operation of technological equipment at such enterprises, warning of the risk of emergencies that are hazardous to human health and the environment, are the basis and task of monitoring. The results of engineering and ecological analysis of the state of ecological and technogenic danger on the example of private joint-stock company «Kropyvnytskyi oil extraction plant» are presented in the work. The main probable factors of its formation at each technological stage of production are established. The sources of environmental and human hazards are technological equipment and materials. Pollutants of land, water and atmospheric air are dust of vegetable origin and meal, solvent of hexane and its vapors, carbon dioxide and washing solution - soda ash, etc. Expert evaluation of the main production operation - oil extraction was carried out in detail. The extraction process is the main production operation for both press oil and extraction oil, as well as cake and meal. The results of the study can be used to clarify the program of monitoring the sources of technogenic and environmental risk at high risk facilities, planning activities and means of improving the resilience of the enterprises of the industry, preventing emergencies and minimizing their consequences. Awareness enhances management efficiency and minimizes environmental and population risks.