Materials Science Forum Vol. 1044

Abstract: Li-ion batteries are one of the most popular energy storage devices widely applied to various kinds of equipment, such as mobile phones, medical and military equipment, etc. Therefore, due to its numerous advantages, especially on the NMC type, there is a predictable yearly increase in Li-ion batteries' demand. However, even though it is rechargeable, Li-ion batteries also have a usage time limit, thereby increasing the amount of waste disposed of in the environment. Therefore, this study aims to determine the optimum conditions and the potential and challenges from the waste Li-ion battery recycling process, which consists of pretreatment, metal extraction, and product preparation. Data were obtained by studying the literature related to Li-ion battery waste's recycling process, which was then compiled into a review. The results showed that the most optimum recycling process of Li-ion batteries consists of metal extraction by a leaching process that utilizes H₂SO₄ and H₂O₂ as leaching and reducing agents, respectively. Furthermore, it was proceeding with the manufacturing of a new Li-ion battery.

Abstract: Over the past few years, the development of lithium (Li)-ion batteries has been extensive. Several production approaches have been adopted to meet the global requirements of Li-ion battery products. In this paper, we propose a scaled-up process for the LiNi_0.6Mn_0.2Co_0.2O₂ (NMC622) cathode material for high performance Li-ion batteries. During each synthesis step, the structural and morphological characteristics of the products were comprehensively examined. The performance of the samples was evaluated directly using an 18650 full-cell-type battery. Commercial graphite and LiPF₆ electrolyte were used as the anode and electrolyte, respectively. Based on the obtained data, increasing the production scale of NCM622 reduces the overall performance. Nevertheless, a simple post-treatment technique can be used to enhance the overall capacity.

Abstract: The battery is a storage medium for electrical energy for electronic devices developed effectively and efficiently. Sodium ion battery provide large-scale energy storage systems attributed to the natural existence of the sodium element on earth. The relatively inexpensive production costs and abundant sodium resources in nature make sodium ion batteries attractive to research. Currently, sodium ion batteries electrochemical performance is still less than lithium-ion batteries. The electrochemical performance of a sodium ion battery depends on the type of electrode material used in the manufacture of the batteries.. The main problem is to find a suitable electrode material with a high specific capacity and is stable. It is a struggle to increase the performance of sodium ion batteries. This literature study studied how to prepare high-performance sodium battery anodes through salt doping. The doping method is chosen to increase conductivity and electron transfer. Besides, this method still takes into account the factors of production costs and safety. The abundant coffee waste biomass in Indonesia was chosen as a precursor to preparing a sodium ion battery hard carbon anode to overcome environmental problems and increase the economic value of coffee grounds waste. Utilization of coffee grounds waste as hard carbon is an innovative solution to the accumulation of biomass waste and supports environmentally friendly renewable energy sources in Indonesia.

Abstract: Lathe waste is one of the wastes products of metal processing in the metal-turning industry. The most content of lathe waste is a ferrous (Fe) metal, which, if disposed of into the environment, can cause environmental pollution. Fe metal from lathe waste can be used as a Fe precursor in LiFePO₄ synthesis. The extraction of Fe from the lathe waste can be done by the leaching method using acid as the leaching agent. The recovered compounds have great potential to be used as Fe precursors for the LiFePO₄ synthesis. The selection of leaching agent was based on considerations of the price, the effectiveness of Fe extraction, and the advanced recovery process from Fe extraction. The LiFePO₄ synthesis process can be carried out using co-precipitation, hydrothermal, and sol-gel. LiFePO₄ material characterization was carried out to test the yield of the material produced. Synthesized materials were done to test the characteristics by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) analysis. SEM analysis aims to describe the shape and particle size of the material in three dimensions. Meanwhile, XRD analysis aims to characterize the material's crystal structure and crystal size by using the Lattice Parameter value. The electrochemical test aims to test electrochemistry to test the capacity of charge/discharge, efficiency, and lithium-ion batteries' stability. The resulting battery capacity from the three methods is close to the theoretical capacity of LiFePO₄, which is 170 mAh/g.

Abstract: Lithium-ion battery (Li-ion) is an energy storage device widely used in various types of electronic devices. The cathode is one of its main components, which was developed because it accelerates the transfer of electrons and battery cycle stability. Therefore, the LiNi_xMn_yCo_zO₂ (LNMC) cathode material, which has a discharge capacity of less than 200 mAh g⁻¹, was further developed. Li-Mn-rich oxide cathode material (LMR-NMC) has also received considerable attention because it produces batteries with a specific capacity of more than 250 mAh g⁻¹ at high voltages. The structure, synthesis method, and sintering temperature in the fabrication of LMR-NMC cathode materials affect battery performance. Furthermore, manganese sulphate fertilizer replaces manganese sulphate as raw material for LMR-NMC cathode due to its lower price. The method used in this study was implemented by reviewing previous literature related to Li-ion batteries, Li-ion battery cathodes, synthesis of LMR-NMC cathode materials, and the potential of manganese fertilizers. This review aims to find out the effect of structure, synthesis method, and sintering temperature on LMR-NMC cathodes made from manganese sulphate fertilizer to obtain a Li-ion battery with a high specific capacity, more environmentally friendly, has good cycle stability, and a high level of safety and lower production costs.

Abstract: Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) based material is one of the most prospective candidates as a cathode material in lithium-ion batteries because of its lower cost, safer, and environmental benignity compared to lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂), which is commonly used for lithium-ion batteries manufacturing. However, its low conductivity is the obstacle of this material to solve, so that modification with the addition of silicon (Si) is expected to improve the electrochemical performance. Meanwhile, solid state reaction is considered simple and effective in LiFePO₄ crystal growth process. Therefore, Si-doped LiFePO₄ using solid state reaction in this research aims to study its structure and morphology as well as the effect of adding Si to its conductivity. The synthesis began with mixing LiH₂PO₄, Fe₂O₃, carbon black, and six-mole ratio variation of Si to LiFePO₄ using agate with ethanol: acetone addition then dried in an oven at 80°C and heated at 550°C in a furnace for 6 hours under argon atmosphere and sintering temperature of 870°C for 16 hours with the same condition. The sample of 3% mole ratio performed the highest conductivity of all variations with 3.01 x 10^-6 S.cm^-1, and was identified as Li_0.93Fe_1.07P_0.93O₄Si_0.7 with orthorhombic structure, Pnma space group (Ref. Code: ICSD 98-016-1792) with the highest peak at 2θ = 35.556° from XRD analysis with rectangular-like shape particle.

Abstract: Lithium-ion batteries have the main component include a positive electrode, negative electrode, liquid electrolyte, and membrane separator. The separator was used to secure the battery by preventing it from short circuits. In this paper, the separator PVDF/SiO₂ (Polyvinylidene fluoride/Silica) nanofiber membrane was synthesized by double jet sprayers electrospinning method on rotating cylinder collector. The SiO₂ colloid nanoparticle concentration was varied at 1000, 2500, and 5000 ppm. The effect of the SiO₂ nanoparticle addition to the PVDF nanofiber membrane to improve membrane characteristics, including porosity, high temperature stability mechanical, mechanical strength, and battery capacity stability, were systematically investigated. The PVDF/SiO₂ results have a fibrous structure with SiO₂ adhering to the fibers' surface. The membrane separator's average thickness is 10.2 micrometers. A large amount of SiO₂ addition (SiO₂ 5000 ppm) on the PVDF nanofibers membrane increased porosity, mechanical properties, and stability at a temperature of 150 °C.

Abstract: This paper reports the performance of a graphite and silica nanoparticles-based delivery system for T. harzianum in controlling the in vitro growth of R. solani and damping-off disease on tomato plants. The in vitro and in vivo experiments were arranged in the randomized complete block design. The in vitro treatment was a dual culture of R. solani and T. harzianum in the various components of formulation on PDA, i.e., T. harzianum + 5 wt.% graphite, T. harzianum + 1wt.% silica NPs., T. harzianum + 5 wt.% graphite + 1 wt.% silica nanoparticles, T. harzianum, 5 wt.% graphite, 1 wt.% silica nanoparticles, fungicide (mancozeb), and a control. The in vivo treatment included the application of T. harzianum in the same compositions as the in vitro treatment, except that there were two controls i.e., inoculated and noninoculated tomato plants with R. solani. T. harzianum by soaking tomato seeds in the formulation suspensions before planting. The results showed that all formulation compositions were able to inhibit the in vitro growth of R. solani. The inhibitions of the colony growth of R. solani caused by formulated and non-formulated T. harzianum were the same. This proved that graphite and silica NPs did not resist to the ability of T. harzianum in controlling R. solani, indicated that the formulation was promising to develop. However, the inhibition of damping-off disease incidence on tomato plants caused by formulated T. harzianum was the same as the non-formulated one only on day 7 after treatments. On days 14, 21, and 28, the inhibitions were lower than the non-formulated ones. It was suggested to reapply the formulation of T. harzianum in the soil at planting and several days after.

Abstract: The availability of oxygen and the minimum amount of ammonia in the water media are crucial in catfish larvae hatchery performance. The condition with a balanced amount of required oxygen and the presence of ammonia resulting from the feces of striped catfish larvae is essential to maintain the health of the aquaculture media. This study aims to remove ammonia by introducing fine bubbles (FBs) into recirculating aquaculture media and investigating reserved dissolved oxygen inside the bubbles in the media. The water media for the striped catfish larvae hatchery was designed and set up with three containers in a recirculating system. Also, a separate container was utilized as bubble storage connected to FBs generator. The water treatment was conducted in three different scenarios using air and pure oxygen as the FBs generator sources. The generated FBs were investigated in terms of their size and zeta potential concerning the dissolved oxygen (DO). The media’s DO was measured using the titration method and digital DO meter. The difference in DO concentration received from titration and DO meter define as potential reserved oxygen. Furthermore, the removal of synthetic effluent (ammonia, NH₄Cl) and effluent in the media with FBs resources were investigated and tested at a different duration of FBs applications. The results showed that bubbles size was 518.5 – 607.6 nm independent of gas resource, either pure oxygen or air. However, the gas resources affected the zeta potential value of suspended bubbles, air (-11.5 to -16.7 mV), and pure oxygen (-21.4 to -25.2 mV). When pure oxygen was used as a gas resource, the media reach the oxygen supersaturation DO condition (25.39 ppm) within 45 minutes with reserve oxygen potential (ROP) of 2.95 ppm. Thus, this condition allowed the synthetic effluent removal of 83.33% and effluent removal of 39.93%. It is emphasized that the ammonia removal due to the presence of reactive oxygen species when the FBs collapsed and the information of ROP due to FBs application is important to preserve the fitness of aquaculture media for catfish larvae hatchery.