A Review of Corrosion Resistance Alloy Weld Overlay Cladding Material for Geothermal Applications

Abstract:

Geothermal is known as renewable energy and a clean energy source but inherent properties make this energy clean. Minerals and deposits in geothermal reservoirs create a scale that is persistent in its corrosive nature. In addition, heat extremes and pressure variations present challenges to the integrity of the wellhead components and the downhole casing. Such challenges need to be mitigated to achieve maximum output from these aging or even newly commissioned wells. The geothermal power industry has reported a wide range of corrosion problems. Given the highly corrosive conditions to be treated in the geothermal sector and the benefits of reduced unplanned downtime, operating cost savings would be expected if more CRAs clad products were used. In many cases, only the material's surface requires corrosion resistance and carbon or alloy steel can be clad with a more corrosion-resistant alloy. Up to 80% of the cost of using solid alloy can be saved by cladding. Carbon or low-alloy steel cladding can be carried out by overlay welding. This paper reviews available literature on corrosion in the geothermal environment and presents the successful use of clad products in other industries to support the rising demand for Philippine geothermal applications.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 1047)
• Pages: 120-127
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1047.120
• Online since: October 2021
• Authors: Reylina Garcia Tayactac*, Edward B.O. Ang
• Keywords: Corrosion Problems, Corrosion Testing, CRA Weld Overlay Cladding, Geothermal

References

[1] Keserovic, A., & Bäßler, R. (2013, March). Material Evaluation for Application in Geothermal Systems In Indonesia. In CORROSION 2013. NACE International.

[2] Datuin, R., & Gazo, F. M. (1989). Material problems of geothermal power plants: a philippine experience. In Proc. 11th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop (pp.275-281).

[3] Kaya, T., & Hoshan, P. (2005, April). Corrosion and material selection for geothermal systems. In Proceedings World Geothermal Congress (pp.1-5).

[4] Schreiber, S., Lapanje, A., Ramsak, P., & Breembroek, G. (2016). Operational issues in geothermal energy in Europe: status and overview. Reykjavik (Iceland): Geothermal ERA NET.

[5] Harrar, J. E., Fischer, J. W., Beiriger, W. J., Steele, W. J., Digiallonardo, S. A., & McCoy, D. D. (1979). Incipient processes in the corrosion of mild steel in 90° C hypersaline geothermal brine. Corrosion Science, 19(11), 819-833.

DOI: 10.1016/s0010-938x(79)80107-9

[6] Mundhenk, N., Huttenloch, P., Sanjuan, B., Kohl, T., Steger, H., & Zorn, R. (2013). Corrosion and scaling as interrelated phenomena in an operating geothermal power plant. Corrosion Science, 70, 17-28.

DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2013.01.003

[7] Mundhenk, N., Huttenloch, P., Kohl, T., Steger, H., & Zorn, R. (2013). Metal corrosion in geothermal brine environments of the Upper Rhine graben–Laboratory and on-site studies. Geothermics, 46, 14-21.

DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2012.10.006

[8] Landolt, D. (2007). Corrosion and surface chemistry of metals. CRC press.

[9] Goff SJ, Brophy P, Goff F. (2009). Environmental effects of geothermal power. Interactions Energy/Environment. Rybach L. Environmental aspects of geothermal.

[10] Perez, T. E. (2013). Corrosion in the oil and gas industry: an increasing challenge for materials. Jom, 65(8), 1033-1042.

DOI: 10.1007/s11837-013-0675-3

[11] Yu, S. Y., Choi, H. S., Lee, S. K., & Kim, D. K. (2014). Trend and review of corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) for offshore pipeline engineering. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology, 28(1), 85-92.

DOI: 10.5574/ksoe.2014.28.1.085

[12] Macrae, C. (2008). One pipe or two. Subtitle: Manufacturing Clad Pipe for Energy Applications. The Tube and Pipe Journal, [Online](Updated June 2008) Available at:< www. The fabricator. com/article/hydroforming/one-pipe-or-twor>[Accessed 28 Nov. 2013].

[13] Shannon, D. W. (1977). CORROSION OF IRON-BASE ALLOYS VERSUS ALTERNATE MATERIALS IN GEOTHERMAL BRINES (Interim Report-Period Ending October 1977) (No. PNL-2456). Pacific Northwest National Lab.(PNNL), Richland, WA (United States).

DOI: 10.2172/1107614

[14] Nogara, J., & Zarrouk, S. J. (2018). Corrosion in geothermal environment: Part 1: Fluids and their impact. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 1333-1346.

DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.098

[15] Nogara, J., & Zarrouk, S. J. (2018). Corrosion in geothermal environment Part 2: Metals and alloys. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 1347-1363.

DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.091

[16] F. X. McCawley, S. D. Cramer, W. D. Riley, J. P. Carter, and P. B. Needham, Jr. (1981). Corrosion of Materials and Scaling in Low-Salinity East Mesa Geothermal Brines. Report of Investigations 8504, United States Department of Interior Bureae of Mines, United States.

DOI: 10.2172/6883071

[17] American Petroleum Institute (API), 2009. API 5LD: Specification for CRA Clad or Lined Steel Pipe. American Petroleum Institute, USA.

[18] ASTM B443-19, Standard Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Columbium Alloy and Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Silicon Alloy Plate, Sheet, and Strip, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2019, www.astm.org.

DOI: 10.1520/b0443-00e01