Materials Science Forum Vol. 1063

Abstract: In this study, the pigment obtained from Rubia Tinctorum plants growing around Central Anatolian Region (Konya) and the Reseda Luteola L plant extract collected from Black Sea Region, have been used as natural dye sources. The 100% cotton, single pique knitted surfaces with 190 g / m² weight are used as a material to be dyed. Prior to the dyeing process, the samples were mordanted with 1% potassium aluminum sulphate and copper sulphate in a laboratory dyeing machine (Thermal). Following the mordant process, the samples were dyed in the laboratory dyeing machine at boiling temperature for 60 minutes according to the exhaustion method. The samples were left to be cooled in the dyeing liquor and 12 hours later, cold overflow washing, hot washing, boiling soaping and cold rinsing were performed additionally. After the drying process, color measurements were carried out with a spectrophotometer (Machbeth 2 180 V) using Color office Textile program to create color coordinates according to the CIE Lab system under D65 illuminate and 10° standard observer. As a conclusion, the samples mordanted with potassium aluminum sulphate and then dyed with natural dye obtained from Rubia Tinctorum plant is considered the standard for color measurement, it has been determined that copper sulphate mordant is effective in the change of (ΔE*) total color difference (ΔE*=7.93). The samples with Rubia Tinctorum have a lighter color than the standard, the green and blue nuance is more, and the color is more matte as well. The samples mordanted with potassium aluminum sulphate and then dyed with natural dye obtained from Reseda Luteola L plant is considered the standard for color measurement, it has been determined that copper sulphate mordant is effective in the change of (ΔE*) total color difference (ΔE*=24). On the lightness axis (ΔL*), the dyed sample is darker than the standard. The color of Reseda Luteola L. dyed the samples is darker than standard, more red and blue; the nuance is more, also the color is more matte. When the Color Strength (K / S) values of the samples dyed with the dyestuffs obtained from Rubia Tinctorum and Reseda Luteola L plants were compared; in both dyestuffs, the highest Color Strength Value (K / S) was obtained in samples dyed after mordant process with copper sulphate (Rubia Tinctorum: K / S= 3,336; Reseda Luteola L: K / S= 10,649). The washing fastness results are lower than the staining fastness for all performed dyeing process. Both the color change in washing and staining rates are between the values accepted by the industry. Likewise, the dry rubbing fastness and wet rub fastness of all dyeing are similar. Light fastness values of samples dyed with natural dye obtained from Rubia Tinctorum plant are higher than samples dyed with Reseda Luteola L.

Abstract: The textile processing industry has imposed strict ecological and economic restrictions on the chemicals used, including bans on certain consumer goods containing synthetic agents which are posing challenges to sustainability issues [1, 2]. The worldwide demand for the use of environmentally friendly products in the textile industry is nowadays of great interest, possibly because of increasing concern about the environment, ecology, and pollution control [3, 4].It is a fact that the textile industry has grown many times during the last decades to meet global and domestic demand. This tremendous growth has also led to a parallel growth in environmental problems, which remained unnoticed. Any industrial activity produces pollution in one form or the other, and the textile industry certainly released a wide spectrum of pollution into the environment.The textile manufacturing process is characterized by the high consumption of resources such as water, fuel and a variety of chemicals in a long process sequence which generates a significant amount of waste. The common practices of low process efficiency result in substantial wastage of resources and severe damage to the environment [5, 6].Recycling implies the breakdown of a thing into its unrefined materials with the end goal that the rough material can be recuperated and used as a piece of new items. On the other hand, recycle insinuates a present thing being used again inside a comparable creation chain. Textile material recycling is the strategy by which old pieces of clothing and diverse materials are recovered for recycle or material recovery. It is the explanation behind the material recycling industry. Material recycling may incorporate recouping pre-consumer waste or post-consumer misuse. There are different ways to deal with perceive the sorts of recycling possible inside the material [7].Pre-consumer waste is a material that was disposed of before it was prepared for customer utilize. Pre-consumer recycled materials can be separated and revamped into comparative or diverse materials or can be sold as such to outsider purchasers who at that point utilize those materials for buyer items. Pre-consumer material waste for the most part alludes to squander results from fiber, yarn, material, and clothing fabricating. It can be process closes, scraps, clippings, or merchandise harmed amid creation, and most is recovered and recycled as crude materials for the car, furniture, sleeping cushion, coarse yarn, home outfitting, paper, and different ventures. Pre-consumer squanders are produced all through the first phases of the inventory network. In the crude materials area (fiber and yarn creation), ginning squanders, opening squanders, checking squanders, comber noils, brushed waste yarns, meandering squanders, ring turning waste fibers, ring-spun squander yarns, open-end spinning waste fibers, and open-end spinning yarn squanders are usually gathered for recycling [8].The ground root of the madder plant, Rubia Tinctorum L., formerly cultivated in many parts of Europe and North and South of America. Was largely used for dyeing Turkey Red on cotton mordant with alum in presence of lime. Applied to wool on an alum- or chrome-cream of tartar mordent [9].Natural dyes with a few expectations are non-substantive and hence must be used in conjunction with mordants. Mordant is a chemical, which can fix itself on the fiber and combines with the dyestuff. The challenge before the natural dyers in application of natural colour is the necessity to us metallic mordants which themselves are pollutant and harmful. Due to the environmental hazard caused by metallic mordant while dyeing of textile fabric, dyers are always looking for safe natural mordant for natural dyes [10].The applications of chitosan for different applications in textiles are reported [11–12], but the application of such functional biopolymer as a mordant in natural dyeing has been quite rare in the literature. In the current work, chitosan extracted from waste shrimp shells [12] was utilized as a mordant for simultaneous natural dye printing and antibacterial finishing of cotton in comparison with commonly used metal mordants. The efficacy of chitosan as eco-friendly mordant and antibacterial finish has been studied.The paper discusses a comparison between different ways to mordant cotton with chitosan. This research as a first step of further experimental, provide us the optimum values and applications for the future research. As a result, we could conclude the mordanting process was more effective from the point of view of dyeing yield.

Abstract: Nowadays, the monitoring and control of the exhaustion dyeing processes is still done in a reactive and indirect fashion. The monitoring focusses on variables that influence the output of the dyeing process, such as temperature, pH and electrolytes concentration. This approach is more reactive than preventive, since it does not proactively detect deviations in the dyed substrate color that are caused by other process variables.The aim of this work is to develop a customized system that could actively monitor and predict the color of the dyed substrate after washing. This involves mathematical models and integration of a USB 4000 spectrophotometer and T300 dip probe made by Ocean Optics, which collects, analyzes and process the data from dyeing solutions. Validation tests performed with direct dyes and 100% cotton fabrics showed a good correlation with the real results, especially after 60 minutes of dyeing. For all the tested dyes, applied alone and combined, the color differences (ΔE₉₄) between the measured and the predicted color were equal or less than 0.70 and 1.52 respectively.

Abstract: As global warming continues, functional textiles with moisture/thermal management performance are becoming more and more important. In this paper, a cationic hydrophilic polymer (CHIP) was developed, and combined with flexible and simple coating methods to achieve durable moisture/thermal management of polyester fabrics. The as-prepared fabrics exhibit excellent washing fastness, the wettability of the coated fabrics can withstand 150 home laundry cycles. Owing to its firm fixation, the methods of single-side spraying and templated-spraying were adopted to achieve water/sweat unilateral penetration or directional transport through polyester fabrics, which realizes the timely and directionally transport of sweat as well as thermal in fabrics. This work is useful for design of high-performance moisture/thermal management fabrics for various applications, e.g., quick-dry sportswear, outdoor uniforms, and other functional garments.

Abstract: It is common knowledge that natural dyes are fit for textile dyeing since ancient times. Basically, natural dyes are elements derived from natural resources, and classified as plant, animal, mineral, and microbial dyes based upon their source of origin. Natural dyeing is a very important part of the old Portuguese tradition which is, currently, regaining awareness due to sustainability and health issues that has arisen from the massive application of synthetic dyes in textile coloration. In this study we sought to optimize the extraction of Sorghum vulgare (curumanine and apigeninidin) through the use of a design of experiments (DOE) methodology and to develop an analytical method by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) for their quantification. Dyes extracted and isolated were then used to dye 100% wool jersey knits by way of the exhaustion process. The color strength and fastness properties of the dyed samples against washing, and rubbing were evaluated. Our findings proved that meta-mordanted samples dyed at 80°C for 4h obtained the best strength and color fastness results.

Abstract: In modern society, it is impossible to imagine life without plastics. However, managing the waste composed of plastics is one of the most significant environmental issues confronting us today. Recycling plastic waste or recovering the secondary raw materials sources is the most crucial action available to reduce ecological impacts worldwide. With the need to recycle plastic waste, questions also arise about applying new products from recycled plastics and advanced processing technologies. Advanced technologies overlap actively with the applied design, and their implementation enables them to move from extraordinary design ideas to the final object. Therefore, this contribution shows the possibility to prepare the unique textile pattern, interior accessories, and jewelry from the post-consumer use bottle poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by electrospinning.

Abstract: Growing environmental conservation concerns have led researchers to seek the means to treat and recover wastewater. The textile industry dumps vast quantities of wastewater from textile dyes. By means of clays, dye waste can be separated and reused for other industrial processes. Clay absorption varies depending on the type of dye employed because factors like the reactivity of the dye molecule and its size are very important during the absorption process. The absorption capacity of calcined hydrotalcite at several concentrations was compared in a 0.05 g • L^-1 solution of four distinct dyes: Direct Blue 199, Direct Red 23, Direct Blue 71 and Reactive Yellow. Dyes have different molecular weights because the weight of reactive dyes is considerably lighter than that of direct dyes, which is why the Lambert-Beer lines of each dye are previously considered. We worked with a 5 g • L^-1 clay concentration to introduce the dye into the clay by stirring for 24 h in 100 ml of each dye solution before filtering it and leaving it to dry. In all cases, the dye absorption by nanoclay was nearly absolute and the initial solution was very clean, which are excellent results from the wastewater treatment point of view. Color measurement was performed by a Jasco V-670, double-beam spectrophotometre between 190-2700 nm. Differences in color were calculated and represented in CIE-Lab* color space diagrams. Finally, thermogravimetric (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were carried out to ensure both nanoclay-dye interactions and hydrotalcite structure recovery. No large differences were observed under these conditions, which reinforces the idea of using low nanoclay concentrations.

Abstract: Synthetic polymers have become essential in our life, nevertheless, the high production and the low recycling around the world have caused serious problems of contamination in soil and water. In addition, its fragmentation into microplastics in environmental conditions has exacerbated the ecological problems due to its possible ingestion by organisms and its high capacity to transport and release a wide variety of organic pollutants. Photo-Fenton process was used to evaluated its capacity to degrade PA6.6 microplastic under simulated solar irradiation and natural solar irradiation plus LED visible light in order to get a best knowledge about its behavior in environmental conditions. PA6.6 was degraded for 7 h through photo-Fenton process under simulated solar irradiation. Superficial defects were observed along the PA6.6 microplastic after degradation experiments. However, FT-IR analysis did not show the formation of additional bands which indicated the formation of new products. DSC analysis showed changes in the melting point of the PA6.6 after the photo-Fenton treatment at different times. The assays carried out under natural solar irradiation showed lower degradation of the PA6.6 under the same experimental conditions, nevertheless, it was observed an increase of the specific surface area 90 times higher in the PA6.6 treated for 10 h.